{"id":2,"date":"2020-09-30T10:45:01","date_gmt":"2020-09-30T10:45:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.drjaimeclavijo.com\/v2.1\/?page_id=2"},"modified":"2020-10-30T16:31:25","modified_gmt":"2020-10-30T16:31:25","slug":"diseases","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.drjaimeclavijo.com\/v2.1\/diseases\/","title":{"rendered":"Sample Page"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Diseases<\/h1>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diseases<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Asthma<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulmonary Hypertension<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Bronchitis<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cough<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulmonary Fibrosis<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Cholesterol<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pneumonia<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sleep Apnea<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Lung Cancer<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Pulmonary Nodule<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Shortness of Breath<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Tuberculosis<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Dyspnea<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Allergy<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Sinus\n<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Common Cold<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Diabetes<\/a><\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Is COPD?<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>COPD, or chronic obstructive pulmonary (PULL-mun-ary) disease, is a progressive disease that makes it hard to breathe. “Progressive” means the disease gets worse over time. COPD can cause coughing that produces large amounts of mucus (a slimy substance), wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and other symptoms. Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants\u2014such as air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust\u2014also may contribute to COPD.<\/p>\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>To understand COPD, it helps to understand how the lungs work. The air that you breathe goes down your windpipe into tubes in your lungs called bronchial (BRONG-ke-al) tubes or airways. Within the lungs, your bronchial tubes branch into thousands of smaller, thinner tubes called bronchioles (BRONG-ke-ols). These tubes end in bunches of tiny round air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye). Small blood vessels called capillaries (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air sacs. When air reaches the air sacs, oxygen passes through the air sac walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide (a waste gas) moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange. The airways and air sacs are elastic (stretchy). When you breathe in, each air sac fills up with air like a small balloon. When you breathe out, the air sacs deflate and the air goes out.<\/p>\n

In COPD, less air flows in and out of the airways because of one or more of the following:<\/p>\n

\u2022The airways and air sacs lose their elastic quality.<\/p>\n

\u2022The walls between many of the air sacs are destroyed.<\/p>\n

\u2022The walls of the airways become thick and inflamed.<\/p>\n

\u2022The airways make more mucus than usual, which can clog them.<\/p>\n

Normal Lungs and Lungs With COPD<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a detailed cross-section of the bronchioles and alveoli. Figure B shows lungs damaged by COPD. The inset image shows a detailed cross-section of the damaged bronchioles and alveolar walls.<\/p>\n

In the United States, the term “COPD” includes two main conditions\u2014emphysema (em-fih-SE-ma) and chronic bronchitis (bron-KI-tis). (Note: The Health Topics article about bronchitis discusses both acute and chronic bronchitis.) In emphysema, the walls between many of the air sacs are damaged. As a result, the air sacs lose their shape and become floppy. This damage also can destroy the walls of the air sacs, leading to fewer and larger air sacs instead of many tiny ones. If this happens, the amount of gas exchange in the lungs is reduced. In chronic bronchitis, the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. This causes the lining to thicken. Lots of thick mucus forms in the airways, making it hard to breathe. Most people who have COPD have both emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Thus, the general term “COPD” is more accurate.<\/p>\n

Outlook<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/strong>COPD is a major cause of disability, and it’s the third leading cause of death in the United States. Currently, millions of people are diagnosed with COPD. Many more people may have the disease and not even know it. COPD develops slowly. Symptoms often worsen over time and can limit your ability to do routine activities. Severe COPD may prevent you from doing even basic activities like walking, cooking, or taking care of yourself. Most of the time, COPD is diagnosed in middle-aged or older adults. The disease isn’t passed from person to person\u2014you can’t catch it from someone else. COPD has no cure yet, and doctors don’t know how to reverse the damage to the airways and lungs. However, treatments and lifestyle changes can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

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Other Names for COPD <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022Chronic bronchitis<\/p>\n

\u2022Chronic obstructive airway disease<\/p>\n

\u2022Chronic obstructive lung disease<\/p>\n

\u2022Emphysema<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

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What Causes COPD? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Long-term exposure to lung irritants that damage the lungs and the airways usually is the cause of COPD. In the United States, the most common irritant that causes COPD is cigarette smoke. Pipe, cigar, and other types of tobacco smoke also can cause COPD, especially if the smoke is inhaled. Breathing in secondhand smoke, air pollution, or chemical fumes or dust from the environment or workplace also can contribute to COPD. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.) Rarely, a genetic condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency may play a role in causing COPD. People who have this condition have low levels of alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)\u2014a protein made in the liver. Having a low level of the AAT protein can lead to lung damage and COPD if you’re exposed to smoke or other lung irritants. If you have this condition and smoke, COPD can worsen very quickly. Although uncommon, some people who have asthma can develop COPD. Asthma is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Treatment usually can reverse the inflammation and narrowing. However, if not, COPD can develop.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

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Who Is at Risk for COPD? <\/strong><\/p>\n

The main risk factor for COPD is smoking. Most people who have COPD smoke or used to smoke. People who have a family history of COPD are more likely to develop the disease if they smoke. Long-term exposure to other lung irritants also is a risk factor for COPD. Examples of other lung irritants include secondhand smoke, air pollution, and chemical fumes and dust from the environment or workplace. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.) Most people who have COPD are at least 40 years old when symptoms begin. Although uncommon, people younger than 40 can have COPD. For example, this may happen if a person has alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, a genetic condition.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD? <\/strong><\/p>\n

At first, COPD may cause no symptoms or only mild symptoms. As the disease gets worse, symptoms usually become more severe. Common signs and symptoms of COPD include:<\/p>\n

\u2022An ongoing cough or a cough that produces a lot of mucus (often called “smoker’s cough”)<\/p>\n

\u2022Shortness of breath, especially with physical activity<\/p>\n

\u2022Wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe)<\/p>\n

\u2022Chest tightness<\/p>\n

If you have COPD, you also may have colds or the flu (influenza) often. Not everyone who has the symptoms above has COPD. Likewise, not everyone who has COPD has these symptoms. Some of the symptoms of COPD are similar to the symptoms of other diseases and conditions. Your doctor can find out whether you have COPD. If your symptoms are mild, you may not notice them, or you may adjust your lifestyle to make breathing easier. For example, you may take the elevator instead of the stairs. Over time, symptoms may become severe enough to see a doctor. For example, you may get short of breath during physical exertion. The severity of your symptoms will depend on how much lung damage you have. If you keep smoking, the damage will occur faster than if you stop smoking. Severe COPD can cause other symptoms, such as swelling in your ankles, feet, or legs; weight loss; and lower muscle endurance. Some severe symptoms may require treatment in a hospital. You\u2014with the help of family members or friends, if you’re unable\u2014should seek emergency care if:<\/p>\n

\u2022You’re having a hard time catching your breath or talking.<\/p>\n

\u2022Your lips or fingernails turn blue or gray. (This is a sign of a low oxygen level in your blood.)<\/p>\n

\u2022You’re not mentally alert.<\/p>\n

\u2022Your heartbeat is very fast.<\/p>\n

\u2022The recommended treatment for symptoms that are getting worse isn’t working.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

How Is COPD Diagnosed? <\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor will diagnose COPD based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and family histories, and test results. Your doctor may ask whether you smoke or have had contact with lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, or dust. If you have an ongoing cough, let your doctor know how long you’ve had it, how much you cough, and how much mucus comes up when you cough. Also, let your doctor know whether you have a family history of COPD. Your doctor will examine you and use a stethoscope to listen for wheezing or other abnormal chest sounds. He or she also may recommend one or more tests to diagnose COPD.<\/p>\n

Lung Function Tests<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood.The main test for COPD is spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tre). Other lung function tests, such as a lung diffusion capacity test, also might be used. (For more information, go to the Health Topics Lung Function Tests article.)<\/p>\n

Spirometry<\/strong><\/p>\n

During this painless test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath in. Then, you’ll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer.The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.<\/p>\n

Spirometry <\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

The image shows how spirometry is done. The patient takes a deep breath and then blows hard into a tube connected to a spirometer. The spirometer measures the amount of air breathed out. It also measures how fast the air is blown out.Your doctor may have you inhale medicine that helps open your airways and then blow into the tube again. He or she can then compare your test results before and after taking the medicine.Spirometry can detect COPD before symptoms develop. Your doctor also might use the test results to find out how severe your COPD is and to help set your treatment goals.The test results also may help find out whether another condition, such as asthma or heart failure, is causing your symptoms.<\/p>\n

Other Tests <\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as:<\/p>\n

\u2022A chest x ray or chest CT scan. These tests create pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. The pictures can show signs of COPD. They also may show whether another condition, such as heart failure, is causing your symptoms.<\/p>\n

\u2022An arterial blood gas test. This blood test measures the oxygen level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an artery. The results from this test can show how severe your COPD is and whether you need oxygen therapy.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

How Is COPD Treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

COPD has no cure yet. However, lifestyle changes and treatments can help you feel better, stay more active, and slow the progress of the disease. The goals of COPD treatment include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Relieving your symptoms<\/p>\n

\u2022Slowing the progress of the disease<\/p>\n

\u2022Improving your exercise tolerance (your ability to stay active)<\/p>\n

\u2022Preventing and treating complications<\/p>\n

\u2022Improving your overall health<\/p>\n

To assist with your treatment, your family doctor may advise you to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating lung disorders.<\/p>\n

Lifestyle Changes<\/strong>Quit Smoking and Avoid Lung Irritants<\/strong><\/p>\n

Quitting smoking is the most important step you can take to treat COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke and places with dust, fumes, or other toxic substances that you may inhale.For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Other Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have COPD, you may have trouble eating enough because of your symptoms, such as shortness of breath and fatigue. (This issue is more common with severe disease.)As a result, you may not get all of the calories and nutrients you need, which can worsen your symptoms and raise your risk for infections.Talk with your doctor about following an eating plan that will meet your nutritional needs. Your doctor may suggest eating smaller, more frequent meals; resting before eating; and taking vitamins or nutritional supplements.Also, talk with your doctor about what types of activity are safe for you. You may find it hard to be active with your symptoms. However, physical activity can strengthen the muscles that help you breathe and improve your overall wellness.<\/p>\n

Medicines<\/strong>Bronchodilators<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bronchodilators relax the muscles around your airways. This helps open your airways and makes breathing easier.<\/p>\n

Depending on the severity of your COPD, your doctor may prescribe short-acting or long-acting bronchodilators. Short-acting bronchodilators last about 4\u20136 hours and should be used only when needed. Long-acting bronchodilators last about 12 hours or more and are used every day. Most bronchodilators are taken using a device called an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your lungs. Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your health care team to show you the correct way to use your inhaler. If your COPD is mild, your doctor may only prescribe a short-acting inhaled bronchodilator. In this case, you may use the medicine only when symptoms occur. If your COPD is moderate or severe, your doctor may prescribe regular treatment with short- and long-acting bronchodilators.<\/p>\n

Inhaled Glucocorticosteroids (Steroids)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Doctors use inhaled steroids to treat people whose COPD symptoms flare up or worsen. These medicines help reduce airway inflammation.Your doctor may ask you to try inhaled steroids for a trial period of 6 weeks to 3 months to see whether the medicine helps relieve your breathing problems.<\/p>\n

Vaccines<\/strong>Flu Shots<\/strong><\/p>\n

The flu (influenza) can cause serious problems for people who have COPD. Flu shots can reduce your risk of getting the flu. Talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu shot.<\/p>\n

Pneumococcal Vaccine<\/strong><\/p>\n

This vaccine lowers your risk for pneumococcal pneumonia (NU-mo-KOK-al nu-MO-ne-ah) and its complications. People who have COPD are at higher risk for pneumonia than people who don’t have COPD. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get this vaccine.<\/p>\n

Pulmonary Rehabilitation<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pulmonary rehabilitation (rehab) is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have chronic (ongoing) breathing problems.Rehab may include an exercise program, disease management training, and nutritional and psychological counseling. The program’s goal is to help you stay active and carry out your daily activities.Your rehab team may include doctors, nurses, physical therapists, respiratory therapists, exercise specialists, and dietitians. These health professionals will create a program that meets your needs.<\/p>\n

Oxygen Therapy<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have severe COPD and low levels of oxygen in your blood, oxygen therapy can help you breathe better. For this treatment, you’re given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask.You may need extra oxygen all the time or only at certain times. For some people who have severe COPD, using extra oxygen for most of the day can help them:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Do tasks or activities, while having fewer symptoms<\/p>\n

\u2022 Protect their hearts and other organs from damage<\/p>\n

\u2022 Sleep more during the night and improve alertness during the day<\/p>\n

\u2022 Live longer<\/p>\n

Surgery<\/strong><\/p>\n

Surgery may benefit some people who have COPD. Surgery usually is a last resort for people who have severe symptoms that have not improved from taking medicines.Surgeries for people who have COPD that’s mainly related to emphysema include bullectomy (bul-EK-toe-me) and lung volume reduction surgery (LVRS). A lung transplant might be an option for people who have very severe COPD.<\/p>\n

Bullectomy<\/strong><\/p>\n

When the walls of the air sacs are destroyed, larger air spaces called bullae (BUL-e) form. These air spaces can become so large that they interfere with breathing. In a bullectomy, doctors remove one or more very large bullae from the lungs.<\/p>\n

Lung Volume Reduction Surgery<\/strong><\/p>\n

In LVRS, surgeons remove damaged tissue from the lungs. This helps the lungs work better. In carefully selected patients, LVRS can improve breathing and quality of life.<\/p>\n

Lung Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n

During a lung transplant, your damaged lung is removed and replaced with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.A lung transplant can improve your lung function and quality of life. However, lung transplants have many risks, such as infections. The surgery can cause death if the body rejects the transplanted lung.If you have very severe COPD, talk with your doctor about whether a lung transplant is an option. Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of this type of surgery.<\/p>\n

Managing Complications<\/strong><\/p>\n

COPD symptoms usually worsen slowly over time. However, they can worsen suddenly. For instance, a cold, the flu, or a lung infection may cause your symptoms to quickly worsen. You may have a much harder time catching your breath. You also may have chest tightness, more coughing, changes in the color or amount of your sputum (spit), and a fever.Call your doctor right away if your symptoms worsen suddenly. He or she may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection and other medicines, such as bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, to help you breathe.Some severe symptoms may require treatment in a hospital. For more information, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?”<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

How Can COPD Be Prevented? <\/strong><\/p>\n

You can take steps to prevent COPD before it starts. If you already have COPD, you can take steps to prevent complications and slow the progress of the disease.<\/p>\n

Prevent COPD Before It Starts<\/strong><\/p>\n

The best way to prevent COPD is to not start smoking or to quit smoking. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.Also, try to avoid lung irritants that can contribute to COPD. Examples include secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Prevent Complications and Slow the Progress of COPD<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have COPD, the most important step you can take is to quit smoking. Quitting can help prevent complications and slow the progress of the disease. You also should avoid exposure to the lung irritants mentioned above.Follow your treatments for COPD exactly as your doctor prescribes. They can help you breathe easier, stay more active, and avoid or manage severe symptoms.Talk with your doctor about whether and when you should get flu (influenza) and pneumonia vaccines. These vaccines can lower your chances of getting these illnesses, which are major health risks for people who have COPD.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Living With COPD <\/strong><\/p>\n

COPD has no cure yet. However, you can take steps to manage your symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. You can:<\/p>\n

\u2022Avoid lung irritants<\/p>\n

\u2022Get ongoing care<\/p>\n

\u2022Manage the disease and its symptoms<\/p>\n

\u2022Prepare for emergencies<\/p>\n

Avoid Lung Irritants<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you smoke, quit. Smoking is the leading cause of COPD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.Also, try to avoid lung irritants that can contribute to COPD. Examples include secondhand smoke, air pollution, chemical fumes, and dust. (Secondhand smoke is smoke in the air from other people smoking.)Keep these irritants out of your home. If your home is painted or sprayed for insects, have it done when you can stay away for a while.Keep your windows closed and stay at home (if possible) when there’s a lot of air pollution or dust outside.<\/p>\n

Get Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have COPD, it’s important to get ongoing medical care. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. Make sure to refill your prescriptions before they run out. Bring a list of all the medicines you’re taking when you have medical checkups.Talk with your doctor about whether and when you should get flu (influenza) and pneumonia vaccines. Also, ask him or her about other diseases for which COPD may increase your risk, such as heart disease, lung cancer, and pneumonia.<\/p>\n

Manage COPD and Its Symptoms<\/strong><\/p>\n

You can do things to help manage COPD and its symptoms. For example:<\/p>\n

\u2022Do activities slowly.<\/p>\n

\u2022Put items that you need often in one place that’s easy to reach.<\/p>\n

\u2022Find very simple ways to cook, clean, and do other chores. For example, you might want to use a small table or cart with wheels to move things around and a pole or tongs with long handles to reach things.<\/p>\n

\u2022Ask for help moving things around in your house so that you won’t need to climb stairs as often.<\/p>\n

\u2022Keep your clothes loose, and wear clothes and shoes that are easy to put on and take off.Depending on how severe your disease is, you may want to ask your family and friends for help with daily tasks.<\/p>\n

Prepare for Emergencies<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have COPD, know when and where to seek help for your symptoms. You should get emergency care if you have severe symptoms, such as trouble catching your breath or talking. (For more information on severe symptoms, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of COPD?”)Call your doctor if you notice that your symptoms are worsening or if you have signs of an infection, such as a fever. Your doctor may change or adjust your treatments to relieve and treat symptoms.Keep phone numbers handy for your doctor, hospital, and someone who can take you for medical care. You also should have on hand directions to the doctor’s office and hospital and a list of all the medicines you’re taking.<\/p>\n

Emotional Issues and Support<\/strong><\/p>\n

Living with COPD may cause fear, anxiety, depression, and stress. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also might help. If you’re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life.Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with COPD. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.<\/p>\n

Support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\n

<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Clinical Trials <\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders. NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of chronic lung diseases, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases. Many more questions remain about chronic lung diseases, including COPD. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on COPD includes studies that explore:<\/p>\n

\u2022How certain medicines and other therapies can help treat COPD and improve quality of life for people who have the disease<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether genetic factors increase the risk of lung damage that can lead to COPD<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether a self-managed physical activity program is cost effective and can help people who have COPD function better<\/p>\n

\u2022How a coping skills training program can improve quality of life for people who have COPD and their caregivers<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether the physical properties of mucus play a role in the worsening of COPD, especially chronic bronchitis<\/p>\n

\u2022How bacteria and toxins found in the lungs, mouth, and digestive system contribute to COPD and other lung diseasesMuch of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials.<\/p>\n

Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.By taking part in a clinical trial, you may gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.For more information about clinical trials related to COPD, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>\n

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>\n

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What Is Asthma? <\/strong><\/p>

Asthma (AZ-ma) is a chronic (long-term) lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring periods of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), chest tightness, shortness of breath, and coughing. The coughing often occurs at night or early in the morning.<\/p>

Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.<\/p>

Overview<\/strong><\/p>

To understand asthma, it helps to know how the airways work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes them swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.<\/p>

When the airways react, the muscles around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the lungs. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. Cells in the airways might make more mucus than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow the airways.<\/p>

This chain reaction can result in asthma symptoms. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are inflamed.<\/p>

Asthma<\/strong><\/p>

Image<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms.<\/p>

Sometimes asthma symptoms are mild and go away on their own or after minimal treatment with asthma medicine. Other times, symptoms continue to get worse.<\/p>

When symptoms get more intense and\/or more symptoms occur, you’re having an asthma attack. Asthma attacks also are called flareups or exacerbations (eg-zas-er-BA-shuns).<\/p>

Treating symptoms when you first notice them is important. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe asthma attack. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can be fatal.<\/p>

Outlook<\/strong><\/p>

Asthma has no cure. Even when you feel fine, you still have the disease and it can flare up at any time.<\/p>

However, with today’s knowledge and treatments, most people who have asthma are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms. They can live normal, active lives and sleep through the night without interruption from asthma.<\/p>

If you have asthma, you can take an active role in managing the disease. For successful, thorough, and ongoing treatment, build strong partnerships with your doctor and other health care providers.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

What Causes Asthma?<\/strong><\/p>

The exact cause of asthma isn’t known. Researchers think some genetic and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include:<\/p>

\u2022An inherited tendency to develop allergies, called atopy (AT-o-pe)<\/p>

\u2022Parents who have asthma<\/p>

\u2022Certain respiratory infections during childhood<\/p>

\u2022Contact with some airborne allergens or exposure to some viral infections in infancy or in early childhood when the immune system is developing<\/p>

If asthma or atopy runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, tobacco smoke) might make your airways more reactive to substances in the air.<\/p>

Some factors might be more likely to cause asthma in certain people than in others. Researchers continue to explore what causes asthma.<\/p>

The Hygiene Hypothesis<\/strong><\/p>

One theory researchers have for what causes asthma is called the hygiene hypothesis. They believe that our Western lifestyle\u2014with its emphasis on hygiene and sanitation\u2014has resulted in changes in our living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood.<\/p>

Many young children no longer have the same types of environmental exposures and infections as children did in the past. This affects the way that young children’s immune systems develop during very early childhood, and it may increase their risk for atopy and asthma. This is especially true for children who have close family members with one or both of these conditions.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Who Is at Risk for Asthma?<\/strong><\/p>

Asthma affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.<\/p>

Young children who often wheeze and have respiratory infections\u2014as well as certain other risk factors\u2014are at highest risk of developing asthma that continues beyond 6 years of age. The other risk factors include having allergies, eczema (an allergic skin condition), or parents who have asthma.<\/p>

Among children, more boys have asthma than girls. But among adults, the disease affects men and women equally. It’s not clear whether or how sex and sex hormones play a role in causing asthma.<\/p>

Most, but not all, people who have asthma have allergies.<\/p>

Some people develop asthma because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?<\/strong><\/p>

Common signs and symptoms of asthma include:<\/p>

\u2022Coughing. Coughing from asthma often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to sleep.<\/p>

\u2022Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.<\/p>

\u2022Chest tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.<\/p>

\u2022Shortness of breath. Some people who have asthma say they can’t catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can’t get air out of your lungs.<\/p>

Not all people who have asthma have these symptoms. Likewise, having these symptoms doesn’t always mean that you have asthma. The best way doctors have to diagnose asthma is to use a lung function test, ask about medical history (including type and frequency of symptoms), and do a physical exam.<\/p>

The type of asthma symptoms you have, how often they occur, and how severe they are may vary over time. Sometimes your symptoms may just annoy you. Other times, they may be troublesome enough to limit your daily routine.<\/p>

Severe symptoms can be fatal. Thus, treating symptoms when you first notice them is important, so they don’t become severe.<\/p>

With proper treatment, most people who have asthma can expect to have few, if any, symptoms either during the day or at night.<\/p>

What Causes Asthma Symptoms To Occur?<\/strong><\/p>

Many things can trigger or worsen asthma symptoms. Your doctor will help you find out which things (called triggers) may cause your asthma to flare up if you come in contact with them. Triggers can include:<\/p>

\u2022Allergens from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers<\/p>

\u2022Irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, compounds in home d\u00e9cor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)<\/p>

\u2022Medicines such as aspirin or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-blockers<\/p>

\u2022Sulfites in foods and drinks<\/p>

\u2022Viral upper respiratory infections, such as colds<\/p>

\u2022Physical activity, including exercise<\/p>

Other health conditions can make asthma harder to manage. Examples of these conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea. These conditions should be treated as part of an overall asthma care plan.<\/p>

Asthma is different for each person. Some of the triggers listed above may not affect you. Other triggers that do affect you might not be on the list. Talk with your doctor about the things that seem to make your asthma worse.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

How Is Asthma Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>

Your primary care doctor will diagnose asthma based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and test results.<\/p>

Your doctor also will figure out the severity of your asthma\u2014that is, whether it’s intermittent, mild, moderate, or severe. The treatment your doctor prescribes will depend on the level of severity.<\/p>

Your doctor may recommend that you see an asthma specialist if:<\/p>

\u2022You need special tests to help diagnose asthma<\/p>

\u2022You’ve had a life-threatening asthma attack<\/p>

\u2022You need more than one kind of medicine or higher doses of medicine to control your asthma, or if you have overall problems getting your asthma well controlled<\/p>

\u2022You’re thinking about getting allergy treatments<\/p>

Medical and Family Histories<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor may ask about your family history of asthma and allergies. He or she also may ask whether you have asthma symptoms and when and how often they occur.<\/p>

Let your doctor know whether your symptoms seem to happen only during certain times of the year or in certain places, or if they get worse at night.<\/p>

Your doctor also may want to know what factors seem to trigger your symptoms or worsen them. For more information about possible asthma triggers, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?”<\/p>

Your doctor may ask you about related health conditions that can interfere with asthma management. These conditions include a runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea.<\/p>

Physical Exam<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor will listen to your breathing and look for signs of asthma or allergies. These signs include wheezing, a runny nose or swollen nasal passages, and allergic skin conditions (such as eczema).<\/p>

Keep in mind that you can still have asthma even if you don’t have these signs when your doctor examines you.<\/p>

Diagnostic Tests<\/strong><\/p>

Lung Function Test<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor will use a test called spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tre) to check how your lungs are working. This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.<\/p>

Your doctor may give you medicine and then retest you to see whether the results have improved.<\/p>

If your test results are lower than normal and improve with the medicine, and if your medical history shows a pattern of asthma symptoms, your doctor will likely diagnose you with asthma.<\/p>

Other Tests<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor may recommend other tests if he or she needs more information to make a diagnosis. Other tests may include:<\/p>

\u2022Allergy testing to find out which allergens affect you, if any.<\/p>

\u2022A test to measure how sensitive your airways are. This is called a bronchoprovocation (brong-KO-prav-eh-KA-shun) test. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in.<\/p>

\u2022A test to show whether you have another condition with symptoms similar to asthma, such as reflux disease, vocal cord dysfunction, or sleep apnea.<\/p>

\u2022A chest x ray or an EKG (electrocardiogram). These tests will help find out whether a foreign object in your airways or another disease might be causing your symptoms.<\/p>

Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children<\/strong><\/p>

Most children who have asthma develop their first symptoms before 5 years of age. However, asthma in young children (infants to children 5 years old) can be hard to diagnose.<\/p>

Sometimes it’s hard to tell whether a child has asthma or another childhood condition. The symptoms of asthma are similar to the symptoms of other conditions.<\/p>

Also, many young children who wheeze when they get colds or respiratory infections don’t go on to have asthma. A child may wheeze because he or she has small airways that become narrow during colds or respiratory infections. The airways grow as the child grows, so wheezing no longer occurs as the child gets older.<\/p>

A young child who has frequent wheezing with colds or respiratory infections is more likely to have asthma if:<\/p>

\u2022One or both parents have asthma<\/p>

\u2022The child has signs of allergies, including the allergic skin condition eczema<\/p>

\u2022The child has allergic reactions to pollens or other airborne allergens<\/p>

\u2022The child wheezes even when he or she doesn’t have a cold or other infection<\/p>

The most certain way to diagnose asthma is with a lung function test, a medical history, and a physical exam. However, it’s hard to do lung function tests in children younger than 5 years. Thus, doctors must rely on children’s medical histories, signs and symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.<\/p>

Doctors also may use a 4\u20136 week trial of asthma medicines to see how well a child responds.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?<\/strong><\/p>

Asthma is a long-term disease that has no cure. The goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease. Good asthma control will:<\/p>

\u2022Prevent chronic and troublesome symptoms, such as coughing and shortness of breath<\/p>

\u2022Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines (see below)<\/p>

\u2022Help you maintain good lung function<\/p>

\u2022Let you maintain your normal activity level and sleep through the night<\/p>

\u2022Prevent asthma attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay<\/p>

To control asthma, partner with your doctor to manage your asthma or your child’s asthma. Children aged 10 or older\u2014and younger children who are able\u2014should take an active role in their asthma care.<\/p>

Taking an active role to control your asthma involves:<\/p>

\u2022Working with your doctor to treat other conditions that can interfere with asthma management.<\/p>

\u2022Avoiding things that worsen your asthma (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active. \u2022Working with your doctor and other health care providers to create and follow an asthma action plan.<\/p>

An asthma action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding asthma triggers (except physical activity), tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening symptoms, and seeking emergency care when needed.<\/p>

Asthma is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway inflammation and prevent asthma symptoms. Quick-relief, or “rescue,” medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up.<\/p>

Your initial treatment will depend on the severity of your asthma. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is controlling your symptoms and preventing asthma attacks.<\/p>

Your level of asthma control can vary over time and with changes in your home, school, or work environments. These changes can alter how often you’re exposed to the factors that can worsen your asthma.<\/p>

Your doctor may need to increase your medicine if your asthma doesn’t stay under control. On the other hand, if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary.<\/p>

Asthma treatment for certain groups of people\u2014such as children, pregnant women, or those for whom exercise brings on asthma symptoms\u2014will be adjusted to meet their special needs.<\/p>

Follow an Asthma Action Plan<\/strong><\/p>

You can work with your doctor to create a personal asthma action plan. The plan will describe your daily treatments, such as which medicines to take and when to take them. The plan also will explain when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room.<\/p>

If your child has asthma, all of the people who care for him or her should know about the child’s asthma action plan. This includes babysitters and workers at daycare centers, schools, and camps. These caretakers can help your child follow his or her action plan.<\/p>

Go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Asthma Action Plan” for a sample plan.<\/p>

Avoid Things That Can Worsen Your Asthma<\/strong><\/p>

Many common things (called asthma triggers) can set off or worsen your asthma symptoms. Once you know what these things are, you can take steps to control many of them. (For more information about asthma triggers, go to “What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?”)<\/p>

For example, exposure to pollens or air pollution might make your asthma worse. If so, try to limit time outdoors when the levels of these substances in the outdoor air are high. If animal fur triggers your asthma symptoms, keep pets with fur out of your home or bedroom.<\/p>

One possible asthma trigger you shouldn’t avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.<\/p>

The NHLBI offers many useful tips for controlling asthma triggers. For more information, go to page 2 of NHLBI’s “Asthma Action Plan.”<\/p>

If your asthma symptoms are clearly related to allergens, and you can’t avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get allergy shots.<\/p>

You may need to see a specialist if you’re thinking about getting allergy shots. These shots can lessen or prevent your asthma symptoms, but they can’t cure your asthma.<\/p>

Several health conditions can make asthma harder to manage. These conditions include runny nose, sinus infections, reflux disease, psychological stress, and sleep apnea. Your doctor will treat these conditions as well.<\/p>

Medicines<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor will consider many things when deciding which asthma medicines are best for you. He or she will check to see how well a medicine works for you. Then, he or she will adjust the dose or medicine as needed.<\/p>

Asthma medicines can be taken in pill form, but most are taken using a device called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your lungs.<\/p>

Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your doctor or another health care provider to show you the right way to use your inhaler. Review the way you use your inhaler at every medical visit.<\/p>

Long-Term Control Medicines<\/strong><\/p>

Most people who have asthma need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway inflammation, which helps prevent symptoms from starting. These medicines don’t give you quick relief from symptoms.<\/p>

Inhaled corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long-term control of asthma. They’re the most effective option for long-term relief of the inflammation and swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances.<\/p>

Reducing inflammation helps prevent the chain reaction that causes asthma symptoms. Most people who take these medicines daily find they greatly reduce the severity of symptoms and how often they occur.<\/p>

Inhaled corticosteroids generally are safe when taken as prescribed. These medicines are different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. Inhaled corticosteroids aren’t habit-forming, even if you take them every day for many years.<\/p>

Like many other medicines, though, inhaled corticosteroids can have side effects. Most doctors agree that the benefits of taking inhaled corticosteroids and preventing asthma attacks far outweigh the risk of side effects.<\/p>

One common side effect from inhaled corticosteroids is a mouth infection called thrush. You might be able to use a spacer or holding chamber on your inhaler to avoid thrush. These devices attach to your inhaler. They help prevent the medicine from landing in your mouth or on the back of your throat.<\/p>

Check with your doctor to see whether a spacer or holding chamber should be used with the inhaler you have. Also, work with your health care team if you have any questions about how to use a spacer or holding chamber. Rinsing your mouth out with water after taking inhaled corticosteroids also can lower your risk for thrush.<\/p>

If you have severe asthma, you may have to take corticosteroid pills or liquid for short periods to get your asthma under control.<\/p>

If taken for long periods, these medicines raise your risk for cataracts and osteoporosis (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). A cataract is the clouding of the lens in your eye. Osteoporosis is a disorder that makes your bones weak and more likely to break.<\/p>

Your doctor may have you add another long-term asthma control medicine so he or she can lower your dose of corticosteroids. Or, your doctor may suggest you take calcium and vitamin D pills to protect your bones.<\/p>

Other long-term control medicines. Other long-term control medicines include:<\/p>

\u2022Cromolyn. This medicine is taken using a device called a nebulizer. As you breathe in, the nebulizer sends a fine mist of medicine to your lungs. Cromolyn helps prevent airway inflammation.<\/p>

\u2022Omalizumab (anti-IgE). This medicine is given as a shot (injection) one or two times a month. It helps prevent your body from reacting to asthma triggers, such as pollen and dust. Anti-IgE might be used if other asthma medicines have not worked well.<\/p>

\u2022Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists. These medicines open the airways. They might be added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids to improve asthma control. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists should never be used for long-term asthma control unless they’re used with inhaled corticosteroids.<\/p>

\u2022Leukotriene modifiers. These medicines are taken by mouth. They help block the chain reaction that increases inflammation in your airways.<\/p>

\u2022Theophylline. This medicine is taken by mouth. Theophylline helps open the airways.<\/p>

If your doctor prescribes a long-term control medicine, take it every day to control your asthma. Your asthma symptoms will likely return or get worse if you stop taking your medicine.<\/p>

Long-term control medicines can have side effects. Talk with your doctor about these side effects and ways to reduce or avoid them.<\/p>

With some medicines, like theophylline, your doctor will check the level of medicine in your blood. This helps ensure that you’re getting enough medicine to relieve your asthma symptoms, but not so much that it causes dangerous side effects.<\/p>

Quick-Relief Medicines<\/strong><\/p>

All people who have asthma need quick-relief medicines to help relieve asthma symptoms that may flare up. Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists are the first choice for quick relief.<\/p>

These medicines act quickly to relax tight muscles around your airways when you’re having a flareup. This allows the airways to open up so air can flow through them.<\/p>

You should take your quick-relief medicine when you first notice asthma symptoms. If you use this medicine more than 2 days a week, talk with your doctor about your asthma control. You may need to make changes to your asthma action plan.<\/p>

Carry your quick-relief inhaler with you at all times in case you need it. If your child has asthma, make sure that anyone caring for him or her has the child’s quick-relief medicines, including staff at the child’s school. They should understand when and how to use these medicines and when to seek medical care for your child.<\/p>

You shouldn’t use quick-relief medicines in place of prescribed long-term control medicines. Quick-relief medicines don’t reduce inflammation.<\/p>

Track Your Asthma<\/strong><\/p>

To track your asthma, keep records of your symptoms, check your peak flow number using a peak flow meter, and get regular asthma checkups.<\/p>

Record Your Symptoms<\/strong><\/p>

You can record your asthma symptoms in a diary to see how well your treatments are controlling your asthma.<\/p>

Asthma is well controlled if:<\/p>

\u2022You have symptoms no more than 2 days a week, and these symptoms don’t wake you from sleep more than 1 or 2 nights a month.<\/p>

\u2022You can do all your normal activities.<\/p>

\u2022You take quick-relief medicines no more than 2 days a week.<\/p>

\u2022You have no more than one asthma attack a year that requires you to take corticosteroids by mouth.<\/p>

\u2022Your peak flow doesn’t drop below 80 percent of your personal best number.<\/p>

If your asthma isn’t well controlled, contact your doctor. He or she may need to change your asthma action plan.<\/p>

Use a Peak Flow Meter<\/strong><\/p>

This small, hand-held device shows how well air moves out of your lungs. You blow into the device and it gives you a score, or peak flow number. Your score shows how well your lungs are working at the time of the test.<\/p>

Your doctor will tell you how and when to use your peak flow meter. He or she also will teach you how to take your medicines based on your score.<\/p>

Your doctor and other health care providers may ask you to use your peak flow meter each morning and keep a record of your results. You may find it very useful to record peak flow scores for a couple of weeks before each medical visit and take the results with you.<\/p>

When you’re first diagnosed with asthma, it’s important to find your “personal best” peak flow number. To do this, you record your score each day for a 2- to 3-week period when your asthma is well-controlled. The highest number you get during that time is your personal best. You can compare this number to future numbers to make sure your asthma is controlled.<\/p>

Your peak flow meter can help warn you of an asthma attack, even before you notice symptoms. If your score shows that your breathing is getting worse, you should take your quick-relief medicines the way your asthma action plan directs. Then you can use the peak flow meter to check how well the medicine worked.<\/p>

Get Asthma Checkups<\/strong><\/p>

When you first begin treatment, you’ll see your doctor about every 2 to 6 weeks. Once your asthma is controlled, your doctor may want to see you from once a month to twice a year.<\/p>

During these checkups, your doctor may ask whether you’ve had an asthma attack since the last visit or any changes in symptoms or peak flow measurements. He or she also may ask about your daily activities. This information will help your doctor assess your level of asthma control.<\/p>

Your doctor also may ask whether you have any problems or concerns with taking your medicines or following your asthma action plan. Based on your answers to these questions, your doctor may change the dose of your medicine or give you a new medicine.<\/p>

If your control is very good, you might be able to take less medicine. The goal is to use the least amount of medicine needed to control your asthma.<\/p>

Emergency Care<\/strong><\/p>

Most people who have asthma, including many children, can safely manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans. However, you might need medical attention at times.<\/p>

Call your doctor for advice if:<\/p>

\u2022Your medicines don’t relieve an asthma attack.<\/p>

\u2022Your peak flow is less than half of your personal best peak flow number.<\/p>

Call 9\u20131\u20131 for emergency care if:<\/p>

\u2022You have trouble walking and talking because you’re out of breath.<\/p>

\u2022You have blue lips or fingernails.<\/p>

At the hospital, you’ll be closely watched and given oxygen and more medicines, as well as medicines at higher doses than you take at home. Such treatment can save your life.<\/p>

Asthma Treatment for Special Groups<\/strong><\/p>

The treatments described above generally apply to all people who have asthma. However, some aspects of treatment differ for people in certain age groups and those who have special needs.<\/p>

Children<\/strong><\/p>

It’s hard to diagnose asthma in children younger than 5 years. Thus, it’s hard to know whether young children who wheeze or have other asthma symptoms will benefit from long-term control medicines. (Quick-relief medicines tend to relieve wheezing in young children whether they have asthma or not.)<\/p>

Doctors will treat infants and young children who have asthma symptoms with long-term control medicines if, after assessing a child, they feel that the symptoms are persistent and likely to continue after 6 years of age. (For more information, go to “How Is Asthma Diagnosed?”)<\/p>

Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred treatment for young children. Montelukast and cromolyn are other options. Treatment might be given for a trial period of 1 month to 6 weeks. Treatment usually is stopped if benefits aren’t seen during that time and the doctor and parents are confident the medicine was used properly.<\/p>

Inhaled corticosteroids can possibly slow the growth of children of all ages. Slowed growth usually is apparent in the first several months of treatment, is generally small, and doesn’t get worse over time. Poorly controlled asthma also may reduce a child’s growth rate.<\/p>

Many experts think the benefits of inhaled corticosteroids for children who need them to control their asthma far outweigh the risk of slowed growth.<\/p>

Older Adults<\/strong><\/p>

Doctors may need to adjust asthma treatment for older adults who take certain other medicines, such as beta blockers, aspirin and other pain relievers, and anti-inflammatory medicines. These medicines can prevent asthma medicines from working well and may worsen asthma symptoms.<\/p>

Be sure to tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines.<\/p>

Older adults may develop weak bones from using inhaled corticosteroids, especially at high doses. Talk with your doctor about taking calcium and vitamin D pills, as well as other ways to help keep your bones strong.<\/p>

Pregnant Women<\/strong><\/p>

Pregnant women who have asthma need to control the disease to ensure a good supply of oxygen to their babies. Poor asthma control increases the risk that a baby will be born early and have a low birth weight. Poor asthma control can even risk the baby’s life.<\/p>

Studies show that it’s safer to take asthma medicines while pregnant than to risk having an asthma attack.<\/p>

Talk with your doctor if you have asthma and are pregnant or planning a pregnancy. Your level of asthma control may get better or it may get worse while you’re pregnant. Your health care team will check your asthma control often and adjust your treatment as needed.<\/p>

People Whose Asthma Symptoms Occur With Physical Activity<\/strong><\/p>

Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Adults need physical activity to maintain good health. Children need it for growth and development.<\/p>

In some people, however, physical activity can trigger asthma symptoms. If this happens to you or your child, talk with your doctor about the best ways to control asthma so you can stay active.<\/p>

The following medicines may help prevent asthma symptoms caused by physical activity:<\/p>

\u2022Short-acting beta2-agonists (quick-relief medicine) taken shortly before physical activity can last 2 to 3 hours and prevent exercise-related symptoms in most people who take them.<\/p>

\u2022Long-acting beta2-agonists can be protective for up to 12 hours. However, with daily use, they’ll no longer give up to 12 hours of protection. Also, frequent use of these medicines for physical activity might be a sign that asthma is poorly controlled.<\/p>

\u2022Leukotriene modifiers. These pills are taken several hours before physical activity. They can help relieve asthma symptoms brought on by physical activity.<\/p>

\u2022Long-term control medicines. Frequent or severe symptoms due to physical activity may suggest poorly controlled asthma and the need to either start or increase long-term control medicines that reduce inflammation. This will help prevent exercise-related symptoms.<\/p>

Easing into physical activity with a warmup period may be helpful. You also may want to wear a mask or scarf over your mouth when exercising in cold weather.<\/p>

If you use your asthma medicines as your doctor directs, you should be able to take part in any physical activity or sport you choose.<\/p>

People Having Surgery<\/strong><\/p>

Asthma may add to the risk of having problems during and after surgery. For instance, having a tube put into your throat may cause an asthma attack.<\/p>

Tell your surgeon about your asthma when you first talk with him or her. The surgeon can take steps to lower your risk, such as giving you asthma medicines before or during surgery.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

How Can Asthma Be Prevented?<\/strong><\/p>

You can’t prevent asthma. However, you can take steps to control the disease and prevent its symptoms. For example:<\/p>

\u2022Learn about your asthma and ways to control it.<\/p>

\u2022Follow your written asthma action plan. (For a sample plan, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Asthma Action Plan.”)<\/p>

\u2022Use medicines as your doctor prescribes.<\/p>

\u2022Identify and try to avoid things that make your asthma worse (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.<\/p>

\u2022Keep track of your asthma symptoms and level of control.<\/p>

\u2022Get regular checkups for your asthma.<\/p>

For more details about how to prevent asthma symptoms and attacks, go to “How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?”<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Living With Asthma<\/strong><\/p>

If you have asthma, you’ll need long-term care. Successful asthma treatment requires that you take an active role in your care and follow your asthma action plan.<\/p>

Learn How To Manage Your Asthma<\/strong><\/p>

Partner with your doctor to develop an asthma action plan. This plan will help you know when and how to take your medicines. The plan also will help you identify your asthma triggers and manage your disease if asthma symptoms worsen.<\/p>

Children aged 10 or older\u2014and younger children who can handle it\u2014should be involved in creating and following their asthma action plans. For a sample plan, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Asthma Action Plan.”<\/p>

Most people who have asthma can successfully manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans and having regular checkups. However, knowing when to seek emergency medical care is important.<\/p>

Learn how to use your medicines correctly. If you take inhaled medicines, you should practice using your inhaler at your doctor’s office. If you take long-term control medicines, take them daily as your doctor prescribes.<\/p>

Record your asthma symptoms as a way to track how well your asthma is controlled. Also, your doctor may advise you to use a peak flow meter to measure and record how well your lungs are working.<\/p>

Your doctor may ask you to keep records of your symptoms or peak flow results daily for a couple of weeks before an office visit. You’ll bring these records with you to the visit. (For more information about using a peak flow meter, go to “How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?”)<\/p>

These steps will help you keep track of how well you’re controlling your asthma over time. This will help you spot problems early and prevent or relieve asthma attacks. Recording your symptoms and peak flow results to share with your doctor also will help him or her decide whether to adjust your treatment.<\/p>

Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>

Have regular asthma checkups with your doctor so he or she can assess your level of asthma control and adjust your treatment as needed. Remember, the main goal of asthma treatment is to achieve the best control of your asthma using the least amount of medicine. This may require frequent adjustments to your treatments.<\/p>

If you find it hard to follow your asthma action plan or the plan isn’t working well, let your health care team know right away. They will work with you to adjust your plan to better suit your needs.<\/p>

Get treatment for any other conditions that can interfere with your asthma management.<\/p>

Watch for Signs That Your Asthma Is Getting Worse<\/strong><\/p>

Your asthma might be getting worse if:<\/p>

\u2022Your symptoms start to occur more often, are more severe, or bother you at night and cause you to lose sleep.<\/p>

\u2022You’re limiting your normal activities and missing school or work because of your asthma.<\/p>

\u2022Your peak flow number is low compared to your personal best or varies a lot from day to day.<\/p>

\u2022Your asthma medicines don’t seem to work well anymore.<\/p>

\u2022You have to use your quick-relief inhaler more often. If you’re using quick-relief medicine more than 2 days a week, your asthma isn’t well controlled.<\/p>

\u2022You have to go to the emergency room or doctor because of an asthma attack.<\/p>

If you have any of these signs, see your doctor. He or she might need to change your medicines or take other steps to control your asthma.<\/p>

Partner with your health care team and take an active role in your care. This can help you better control your asthma so it doesn’t interfere with your activities and disrupt your life.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of chronic lung diseases, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.<\/p>

Many more questions remain about chronic lung diseases, including asthma. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on asthma includes studies that:<\/p>

\u2022Explore how substances in exhaled breath can be used to predict asthma symptoms<\/p>

\u2022Evaluate and explore genes that might be involved in the development of asthma<\/p>

\u2022Identify substances in the airways that might cause airway inflammation<\/p>

\u2022Examine the effect of a widely used diabetes medicine on severe asthma<\/p>

Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials. Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.<\/p>

For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>

By taking part in a clinical trial, you may gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>

For more information about clinical trials related to asthma, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>

For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI’s Children and Clinical Studies Web page.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?<\/strong><\/p>

Pulmonary hypertension (PULL-mun-ary HI-per-TEN-shun), or PH, is increased pressure in the pulmonary arteries. These arteries carry blood from your heart to your lungs to pick up oxygen.<\/p>

PH causes symptoms such as shortness of breath during routine activity (for example, climbing two flights of stairs), tiredness, chest pain, and a racing heartbeat. As the condition worsens, its symptoms may limit all physical activity.<\/p>

Overview<\/strong><\/p>

To understand PH, it helps to understand how your heart and lungs work. Your heart has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the septum.<\/p>

Each side of your heart has an upper and lower chamber. The lower right chamber of your heart, the right ventricle (VEN-trih-kul), pumps blood to your pulmonary arteries. The blood then travels to your lungs, where it picks up oxygen.<\/p>

The upper left chamber of your heart, the left atrium (AY-tree-um), receives the oxygen-rich blood from your lungs. The blood is then pumped into the lower left chamber of your heart, the left ventricle. From the left ventricle, the blood is pumped to the rest of your body through an artery called the aorta.<\/p>

For more information about the heart and lungs, go to the Health Topics How the Heart Works and How the Lungs Work articles.<\/p>

PH begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:<\/p>

\u2022The walls of the arteries tighten.<\/p>

\u2022The walls of the arteries are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of cells.<\/p>

\u2022Blood clots form in the arteries.<\/p>

These changes make it hard for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries and into your lungs. As a result, the pressure in your arteries rises. Also, because your heart is working harder than normal, your right ventricle becomes strained and weak.<\/p>

Your heart may become so weak that it can’t pump enough blood to your lungs. This causes heart failure. Heart failure is the most common cause of death in people who have PH.<\/p>

PH is divided into five groups based on its causes. In all groups, the average pressure in the pulmonary arteries is higher than 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg during physical activity. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8\u201320 mmHg at rest. (The mmHg is millimeters of mercury\u2014the units used to measure blood pressure.)<\/p>

Other diseases or conditions, such as heart and lung diseases or blood clots, usually cause PH. Some people inherit the condition (that is, their parents pass the genes for PH on to them). In some cases, the cause isn’t known.<\/p>

Outlook<\/strong><\/p>

PH has no cure. However, research for new treatments is ongoing. The earlier PH is treated, the easier it is to control.<\/p>

Treatments include medicines, procedures, and other therapies. These treatments can relieve PH symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Lifestyle changes also can help control symptoms.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Types of Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

The World Health Organization divides pulmonary hypertension (PH) into five groups. These groups are organized based on the cause of the condition.<\/p>

In all groups, the average pressure in the pulmonary arteries is higher than 25 mmHg at rest or 30 mmHg during physical activity. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8\u201320 mmHg at rest.<\/p>

(Note that group 1 is called pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and groups 2 through 5 are called pulmonary hypertension. However, together all groups are called pulmonary hypertension.)<\/p>

Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 1 PAH includes:<\/p>

\u2022PAH that has no known cause.<\/p>

\u2022PAH that’s inherited (passed from parents to children through genes).<\/p>

\u2022PAH that’s caused by drugs or toxins, such as street drugs and certain diet medicines.<\/p>

\u2022PAH that’s caused by conditions such as: \u25e6Connective tissue diseases. (Connective tissue helps support all parts of your body, including your skin, eyes, and heart.)<\/p>

\u25e6HIV infection.<\/p>

\u25e6Liver disease.<\/p>

\u25e6Congenital heart disease. This is heart disease that’s present at birth.<\/p>

\u25e6Sickle cell disease.<\/p>

\u25e6Schistosomiasis (SKIS-toe-so-MI-ah-sis). This is an infection caused by a parasite. Schistosomiasis is one of the most common causes of PAH in many parts of the world.<\/p>

\u2022PAH that’s caused by conditions that affect the veins and small blood vessels of the lungs.<\/p>

Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 2 includes PH with left heart disease. Conditions that affect the left side of the heart, such as mitral valve disease or long-term high blood pressure, can cause left heart disease and PH. Left heart disease is likely the most common cause of PH.<\/p>

Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 3 includes PH associated with lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and interstitial (IN-ter-STISH-al) lung diseases. Interstitial lung diseases cause scarring of the lung tissue.<\/p>

Group 3 also includes PH associated with sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea.<\/p>

Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 4 includes PH caused by blood clots in the lungs or blood clotting disorders.<\/p>

Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 5 includes PH caused by various other diseases or conditions. Examples include:<\/p>

\u2022Blood disorders, such as polycythemia vera (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah VAY-rah or VE-rah) and essential thrombocythemia (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah).<\/p>

\u2022Systemic disorders, such as sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis) and vasculitis (vas-kyu-LI-tis). Systemic disorders involve many of the body’s organs.<\/p>

\u2022Metabolic disorders, such as thyroid disease and glycogen storage disease. (In glycogen storage disease, the body’s cells don’t use a form of glucose (sugar) properly.)<\/p>

\u2022Other conditions, such as tumors that press on the pulmonary arteries and kidney disease.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Other Names for Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) that occurs without a known cause often is called primary PAH or idiopathic (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) PAH.<\/p>

Group 1 PAH that occurs with a known cause often is called associated PAH. For example, PAH that occurs in a person who has scleroderma might be called “PAH occurring in association with scleroderma,” or simply “scleroderma-associated PAH.”<\/p>

Groups 2\u20135 pulmonary hypertension (PH) sometimes are called secondary PH.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

What Causes Pulmonary Hypertension?<\/strong><\/p>

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) begins with inflammation and changes in the cells that line your pulmonary arteries. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:<\/p>

\u2022The walls of the arteries tighten.<\/p>

\u2022The walls of the arteries are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of cells.<\/p>

\u2022Blood clots form in the arteries.<\/p>

These changes make it hard for your heart to push blood through your pulmonary arteries and into your lungs. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH.<\/p>

Many factors can contribute to the process that leads to the different types of PH.<\/p>

Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) may have no known cause, or the condition may be inherited. (“Inherited” means the condition is passed from parents to children through genes.)<\/p>

Some diseases and conditions also can cause group 1 PAH. Examples include HIV infection, congenital heart disease, and sickle cell disease. Also, the use of street drugs (such as cocaine) and certain diet medicines can lead to PAH.<\/p>

Many diseases and conditions can cause groups 2 through 5 PH (often called secondary PH), including:<\/p>

\u2022Mitral valve disease<\/p>

\u2022Lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)<\/p>

\u2022Sleep apnea<\/p>

\u2022Sarcoidosis<\/p>

For more information about the types of PH and the diseases, conditions, and factors that can cause them, go to “Types of Pulmonary Hypertension.”<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension?<\/strong><\/p>

The exact number of people who have pulmonary hypertension (PH) isn’t known.<\/p>

Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) without a known cause is rare. It affects women more often than men. People who have group 1 PAH tend to be overweight.<\/p>

PH that occurs with another disease or condition is more common.<\/p>

PH usually develops between the ages of 20 and 60, but it can occur at any age. People who are at increased risk for PH include:<\/p>

\u2022Those who have a family history of the condition.<\/p>

\u2022Those who have certain diseases or conditions, such as heart and lung diseases, liver disease, HIV infection, or blood clots in the pulmonary arteries. (For more information about the diseases, conditions, and factors that cause PH, go to “Types of Pulmonary Hypertension.”)<\/p>

\u2022Those who use street drugs (such as cocaine) or certain diet medicines.<\/p>

\u2022Those who live at high altitudes.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension?<\/strong><\/p>

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary hypertension (PH) may include:<\/p>

\u2022Shortness of breath during routine activity, such as climbing two flights of stairs<\/p>

\u2022Tiredness<\/p>

\u2022Chest pain<\/p>

\u2022A racing heartbeat<\/p>

\u2022Pain on the upper right side of the abdomen<\/p>

\u2022Decreased appetite<\/p>

As PH worsens, you may find it hard to do any physical activities. At this point, other signs and symptoms may include:<\/p>

\u2022Feeling light-headed, especially during physical activity<\/p>

\u2022Fainting at times<\/p>

\u2022Swelling in your legs and ankles<\/p>

\u2022A bluish color on your lips and skin<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor will diagnose pulmonary hypertension (PH) based on your medical and family histories, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.<\/p>

PH can develop slowly. In fact, you may have it for years and not know it. This is because the condition has no early signs or symptoms.<\/p>

When symptoms do occur, they’re often like those of other heart and lung conditions, such as asthma. This makes PH hard to diagnose.<\/p>

Medical and Family Histories<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor may ask about your signs and symptoms and how and when they began. He or she also may ask whether you have other medical conditions that can cause PH.<\/p>

Your doctor will want to know whether you have any family members who have or have had PH. People who have a family history of PH are at higher risk for the condition.<\/p>

Physical Exam<\/strong><\/p>

During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your heart and lungs with a stethoscope. He or she also will check your ankles and legs for swelling and your lips and skin for a bluish color. These are signs of PH.<\/p>

Diagnostic Tests and Procedures<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor may recommend tests and procedures to confirm a diagnosis of PH and to look for its underlying cause. Your doctor also will use test results to find out the severity of your PH.<\/p>

Tests and Procedures To Confirm a Diagnosis<\/strong><\/p>

Echocardiography. Echocardiography (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your heart. This test can estimate the pressure in your pulmonary arteries. Echo also can show the size and thickness of your right ventricle and how well it’s working.<\/p>

Chest x ray. A chest x ray takes pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. This test can show whether your pulmonary arteries and right ventricle are enlarged.<\/p>

The pulmonary arteries and right ventricle may get larger if the right ventricle has to work hard to pump blood through the pulmonary arteries.<\/p>

A chest x ray also may show signs of an underlying lung disease that’s causing or contributing to PH.<\/p>

EKG (electrocardiogram). An EKG is a simple, painless test that records the heart’s electrical activity. This test also shows whether your heart’s rhythm is steady or irregular. An EKG may show whether your right ventricle is enlarged or strained.<\/p>

Right heart catheterization. This procedure measures the pressure in your pulmonary arteries. It also shows how well your heart is pumping blood to the rest of your body. Right heart catheterization (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun) can find any leaks between the left and right side of the heart.<\/p>

During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your groin (upper thigh) or neck. The tube is threaded into the right side of your heart and into the pulmonary arteries. Through the tube, your doctor can do tests and treatments on your heart.<\/p>

Tests To Look for the Underlying Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

PH has many causes, so many tests may need to be done to find its underlying cause.<\/p>

Chest CT scan. A chest computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or chest CT scan, creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your heart, lungs, and blood vessels. These pictures can show signs of PH or a condition that may be causing PH.<\/p>

Chest MRI. Chest magnetic resonance imaging, or chest MRI, shows how your right ventricle is working. The test also shows blood flow in your lungs. Chest MRI also can help detect signs of PH or an underlying condition causing PH.<\/p>

Lung function tests. Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood. These tests can help detect a lung disease that may be causing PH.<\/p>

Polysomnogram (PSG). This test records brain activity, eye movements, heart rate, and blood pressure while you sleep. A PSG also measures the level of oxygen in your blood. A low oxygen level during sleep is common in PH, and it can make the condition worse.<\/p>

A PSG usually is done while you stay overnight at a sleep center. For more information about this test, go to the Health Topics Sleep Studies article.<\/p>

Lung ventilation\/perfusion (VQ) scan. A lung VQ scan measures air and blood flow in your lungs. This test can help detect blood clots in your lung’s blood vessels.<\/p>

Blood tests. Blood tests are used to rule out other diseases, such as HIV, liver disease, and autoimmune diseases (such as rheumatoid arthritis).<\/p>

Finding Out the Severity of Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Exercise testing is used to find out the severity of PH. This testing consists of either a 6-minute walk test or a cardiopulmonary exercise test.<\/p>

A 6-minute walk test measures the distance you can quickly walk in 6 minutes. A cardiopulmonary exercise test measures how well your lungs and heart work while you exercise on a treadmill or bicycle.<\/p>

During exercise testing, your doctor will rate your activity level. Your level is linked to the severity of your PH. The rating system ranges from class 1 to class 4.<\/p>

\u2022Class 1 has no limits. You can do regular physical activities, such as walking or climbing stairs. These activities don’t cause PH symptoms, such as tiredness, shortness of breath, or chest pain.<\/p>

\u2022Class 2 has slight or mild limits. You’re comfortable while resting, but regular physical activity causes PH symptoms.<\/p>

\u2022Class 3 has marked or noticeable limits. You’re comfortable while resting. However, walking even one or two blocks or climbing one flight of stairs can cause PH symptoms.<\/p>

\u2022Class 4 has severe limits. You’re not able to do any physical activity without discomfort. You also may have PH symptoms while at rest.<\/p>

Over time, you may need more exercise tests to find out how well your treatments are working. Each time testing is done, your doctor will compare your activity level with the previous one.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Treated?<\/strong><\/p>

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has no cure. However, treatment may help relieve symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.<\/p>

PH is treated with medicines, procedures, and other therapies. Treatment will depend on what type of PH you have and its severity. (For more information, go to “Types of Pulmonary Hypertension.”)<\/p>

Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Group 1 pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) includes PH that’s inherited, that has no known cause, or that’s caused by certain drugs or conditions. Treatments for group 1 PAH include medicines and medical procedures.<\/p>

Medicines<\/strong><\/p>

Your doctor may prescribe medicines to relax the blood vessels in your lungs and reduce excess cell growth in the blood vessels. As the blood vessels relax, more blood can flow through them.<\/p>

Your doctor may prescribe medicines that are taken by mouth, inhaled, or injected.<\/p>

Examples of medicines for group 1 PAH include:<\/p>

\u2022Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors, such as sildenafil<\/p>

\u2022Prostanoids, such as epoprostenol<\/p>

\u2022Endothelin receptor antagonists, such as bosentan and ambrisentan<\/p>

\u2022Calcium channel blockers, such as diltiazem<\/p>

Your doctor may prescribe one or more of these medicines. To find out which of these medicines works best, you’ll likely have an acute vasoreactivity test. This test shows how the pressure in your pulmonary arteries reacts to certain medicines. The test is done during right heart catheterization.<\/p>

Medical and Surgical Procedures<\/strong><\/p>

If you have group 1 PAH, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following procedures.<\/p>

Atrial septostomy (sep-TOS-toe-me). For this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a catheter is put into a blood vessel in your leg and threaded to your heart. The tube is then put through the wall that separates your right and left atria (the upper chambers of your heart). This wall is called the septum.<\/p>

A tiny balloon on the tip of the tube is inflated. This creates an opening between the atria. This procedure relieves the pressure in the right atria and increases blood flow. Atrial septostomy is rarely done in the United States.<\/p>

Lung transplant. A lung transplant is surgery to replace a person’s diseased lung with a healthy lung from a deceased donor. This procedure may be used for people who have severe lung disease that’s causing PAH.<\/p>

Heart\u2013lung transplant. A heart\u2013lung transplant is surgery in which both the heart and lung are replaced with healthy organs from a deceased donor.<\/p>

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>

Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Conditions that affect the left side of the heart, such as mitral valve disease, can cause group 2 PH. Treating the underlying condition will help treat PH. Treatments may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and surgery.<\/p>

Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Lung diseases, such as COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and interstitial lung disease, can cause group 3 PH. Certain sleep disorders, such as sleep apnea, also can cause group 3 PH.<\/p>

If you have this type of PH, you may need oxygen therapy. This treatment raises the level of oxygen in your blood. You’ll likely get the oxygen through soft, plastic prongs that fit into your nose. Oxygen therapy can be done at home or in a hospital.<\/p>

Your doctor also may recommend other treatments if you have an underlying lung disease.<\/p>

Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Blood clots in the lungs or blood clotting disorders can cause group 4 PH. If you have this type of PH, your doctor will likely prescribe blood-thinning medicines. These medicines prevent clots from forming or getting larger.<\/p>

Sometimes doctors use surgery to remove scarring in the pulmonary arteries due to old blood clots.<\/p>

Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Various diseases and conditions, such as thyroid disease and sarcoidosis, can cause group 5 PH. An object, such as a tumor, pressing on the pulmonary arteries also can cause group 5 PH.<\/p>

Group 5 PH is treated by treating its cause.<\/strong><\/p>

All Types of Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Several treatments may be used for all types of PH. These treatments include:<\/p>

\u2022Diuretics, also called water pills. These medicines help reduce fluid buildup in your body, including swelling in your ankles and feet.<\/p>

\u2022Blood-thinning medicines. These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming or getting larger.<\/p>

\u2022Digoxin. This medicine helps the heart beat stronger and pump more blood. Digoxin sometimes is used to control the heart rate if abnormal heart rhythms, such as atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter, occur.<\/p>

\u2022Oxygen therapy. This treatment raises the level of oxygen in your blood.<\/p>

\u2022Physical activity. Regular activity may help improve your ability to be active. Talk with your doctor about a physical activity plan that’s safe for you.<\/p>

Research is ongoing for better PH treatments. These treatments offer hope for the future.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Living With Pulmonary Hypertension<\/strong><\/p>

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) has no cure. However, you can work with your doctor to manage your symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.<\/p>

Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>

Follow your treatment plan as your doctor advises. Call your doctor if your PH symptoms worsen or change. The earlier symptoms are addressed, the easier it is to treat them.<\/p>

Some symptoms, such as chest pain, may require emergency treatment. Ask your doctor when you should call him or her or seek emergency care.<\/p>

Also, talk with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medicines. Some medicines can make your PH worse or interfere with the medicines you’re taking for PH. Ask your doctor whether you should get a pneumonia vaccine and a yearly flu shot.<\/p>

You may have a complex schedule for taking medicines. Call your doctor or nurse if you’re having problems with this schedule. Knowing the names of your medicines and how they work is helpful. Keep a list of your medicines with you. Don’t stop or change medicines unless you talk with your doctor first.<\/p>

Pay careful attention to your weight. You may want to keep a daily record of your weight. You should weigh yourself at the same time each day. If you notice a rapid weight gain (2 or more pounds in 1 day or 5 or more pounds in 1 week), call your doctor. This may be a sign that your PH is worsening.<\/p>

Pregnancy is risky for women who have PH. Consider using birth control if there is a chance you may become pregnant. Ask your doctor which birth control methods are safe for you.<\/p>

Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>

Making lifestyle changes can help you manage your symptoms. These changes will depend on the type of PH you have. Talk with your doctor about which lifestyle changes can help you.<\/p>

Quit Smoking<\/strong><\/p>

If you smoke, quit. Smoking makes PH symptoms worse. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, avoid exposure to secondhand smoke.<\/p>

For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”<\/p>

Although these resources focus on heart health, they both include general information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>

Follow a Healthy Diet<\/strong><\/p>

Following a healthy diet and maintaining a healthy weight are part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and fat-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt), and added sugar.<\/p>

Talk with your doctor about whether you need to limit the amount of salt and fluids in your diet. Ask him or her whether you also need to regulate foods that contain vitamin K. These foods can affect how well blood-thinning medicines work. Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables and some oils, such as canola and soybean oil.<\/p>

For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI’s Aim for a Healthy Weight Web site, “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,” and “Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH.”<\/p>

All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating. The DASH eating plan focuses on reduced-sodium foods, which may be helpful if your doctor advises you to limit the salt in your diet.<\/p>

Be Physically Active<\/strong><\/p>

Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Try to do physical activity, such as walking, regularly. This will keep your muscles strong and help you stay active. Ask your doctor how much activity is safe for you. Your doctor may tell you to limit or avoid certain activities, such as:<\/p>

\u2022Those that cause straining, such as lifting heavy objects or weights.<\/p>

\u2022Sitting in a hot tub or sauna or taking long baths. These activities can lower your blood pressure too much.<\/p>

\u2022Flying in an airplane or traveling to high-altitude areas. Your doctor may ask you to use extra oxygen during air travel.<\/p>

Avoid activities that cause breathing problems, dizziness, or chest pain. If you have any of these symptoms, seek care right away.<\/p>

Emotional Issues and Support<\/strong><\/p>

Living with PH may cause fear, anxiety, depression, and stress. You may worry about your medical condition, treatment, finances, and other issues.<\/p>

Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life.<\/p>

Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with PH. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.<\/p>

Support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>

Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of lung diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.<\/p>

Many more questions remain about lung diseases and conditions, including pulmonary hypertension (PH). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases and conditions. For example, NHLBI-supported research on PH includes studies that explore:<\/p>

\u2022How often people who have sickle cell anemia develop PH<\/p>

\u2022Which genetic mutations (changes in the genes) cause PH<\/p>

\u2022The risks and benefits of genetic testing in people who come from families at high risk for PH<\/p>

\u2022How certain medicines and therapies can help treat PH and improve quality of life for people who have the disease<\/p>

Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials. Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.<\/p>

For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>

By taking part in a clinical trial, you can gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>

For more information about clinical trials related to PH, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>

For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI’s Children and Clinical Studies Web page.<\/p>

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Bronchitis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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What Is Bronchitis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bronchitis (bron-KI-tis) is a condition in which the bronchial tubes become inflamed. These tubes carry air to your lungs. (For more information about the bronchial tubes and airways, go to the Health Topics How the Lungs Work article.)<\/p>\n

People who have bronchitis often have a cough that brings up mucus. Mucus is a slimy substance made by the lining of the bronchial tubes. Bronchitis also may cause wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe), chest pain or discomfort, a low fever, and shortness of breath.<\/p>\n

Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Figure A shows the location of the lungs and bronchial tubes in the body. Figure B is an enlarged, detailed view of a normal bronchial tube. Figure C is an enlarged, detailed view of a bronchial tube with bronchitis. The tube is inflamed and contains more mucus than usual.<\/p>\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

The two main types of bronchitis are acute (short term) and chronic (ongoing).<\/p>\n

Acute Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Infections or lung irritants cause acute bronchitis. The same viruses that cause colds and the flu are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. These viruses are spread through the air when people cough. They also are spread through physical contact (for example, on hands that have not been washed).<\/p>\n

Sometimes bacteria cause acute bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Acute bronchitis lasts from a few days to 10 days. However, coughing may last for several weeks after the infection is gone.<\/p>\n

Several factors increase your risk for acute bronchitis. Examples include exposure to tobacco smoke (including secondhand smoke), dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. Avoiding these lung irritants as much as possible can help lower your risk for acute bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Most cases of acute bronchitis go away within a few days. If you think you have acute bronchitis, see your doctor. He or she will want to rule out other, more serious health conditions that require medical care.<\/p>\n

Chronic Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chronic bronchitis is an ongoing, serious condition. It occurs if the lining of the bronchial tubes is constantly irritated and inflamed, causing a long-term cough with mucus. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Viruses or bacteria can easily infect the irritated bronchial tubes. If this happens, the condition worsens and lasts longer. As a result, people who have chronic bronchitis have periods when symptoms get much worse than usual.<\/p>\n

Chronic bronchitis is a serious, long-term medical condition. Early diagnosis and treatment, combined with quitting smoking and avoiding secondhand smoke, can improve quality of life. The chance of complete recovery is low for people who have severe chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Other Names for Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022Acute bronchitis<\/p>\n

\u2022Chronic bronchitis<\/p>\n

\u2022Industrial bronchitis<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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What Causes Bronchitis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acute Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Infections or lung irritants cause acute bronchitis. The same viruses that cause colds and the flu are the most common cause of acute bronchitis. Sometimes bacteria can cause the condition.<\/p>\n

Certain substances can irritate your lungs and airways and raise your risk for acute bronchitis. For example, inhaling or being exposed to tobacco smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, or air pollution raises your risk for the condition. These lung irritants also can make symptoms worse.<\/p>\n

Being exposed to a high level of dust or fumes, such as from an explosion or a big fire, also may lead to acute bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Chronic Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Repeatedly breathing in fumes that irritate and damage lung and airway tissues causes chronic bronchitis. Smoking is the major cause of the condition.<\/p>\n

Breathing in air pollution and dust or fumes from the environment or workplace also can lead to chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n

People who have chronic bronchitis go through periods when symptoms become much worse than usual. During these times, they also may have acute viral or bacterial bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Who Is at Risk for Bronchitis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Bronchitis is a very common condition. Millions of cases occur every year.<\/p>\n

Elderly people, infants, and young children are at higher risk for acute bronchitis than people in other age groups.<\/p>\n

People of all ages can develop chronic bronchitis, but it occurs more often in people who are older than 45. Also, many adults who develop chronic bronchitis are smokers. Women are more than twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n

Smoking and having an existing lung disease greatly increase your risk for bronchitis. Contact with dust, chemical fumes, and vapors from certain jobs also increases your risk for the condition. Examples include jobs in coal mining, textile manufacturing, grain handling, and livestock farming.<\/p>\n

Air pollution, infections, and allergies can worsen the symptoms of chronic bronchitis, especially if you smoke.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Bronchitis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acute Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acute bronchitis caused by an infection usually develops after you already have a cold or the flu. Symptoms of a cold or the flu include sore throat, fatigue (tiredness), fever, body aches, stuffy or runny nose, vomiting, and diarrhea.<\/p>\n

The main symptom of acute bronchitis is a persistent cough, which may last 10 to 20 days. The cough may produce clear mucus (a slimy substance). If the mucus is yellow or green, you may have a bacterial infection as well. Even after the infection clears up, you may still have a dry cough for days or weeks.<\/p>\n

Other symptoms of acute bronchitis include wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe), low fever, and chest tightness or pain.<\/p>\n

If your acute bronchitis is severe, you also may have shortness of breath, especially with physical activity.<\/p>\n

Chronic Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

The signs and symptoms of chronic bronchitis include coughing, wheezing, and chest discomfort. The coughing may produce large amounts of mucus. This type of cough often is called a smoker’s cough.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is Bronchitis Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor usually will diagnose bronchitis based on your signs and symptoms. He or she may ask questions about your cough, such as how long you’ve had it, what you’re coughing up, and how much you cough.<\/p>\n

Your doctor also will likely ask:<\/p>\n

\u2022About your medical history<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you’ve recently had a cold or the flu<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you smoke or spend time around others who smoke<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you’ve been exposed to dust, fumes, vapors, or air pollution<\/p>\n

Your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen for wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) or other abnormal sounds in your lungs. He or she also may:<\/p>\n

\u2022Look at your mucus to see whether you have a bacterial infection<\/p>\n

\u2022Test the oxygen levels in your blood using a sensor attached to your fingertip or toe<\/p>\n

\u2022Recommend a chest x ray, lung function tests, or blood tests<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is Bronchitis Treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The main goals of treating acute and chronic bronchitis are to relieve symptoms and make breathing easier.<\/p>\n

If you have acute bronchitis, your doctor may recommend rest, plenty of fluids, and aspirin (for adults) or acetaminophen to treat fever.<\/p>\n

Antibiotics usually aren’t prescribed for acute bronchitis. This is because they don’t work against viruses\u2014the most common cause of acute bronchitis. However, if your doctor thinks you have a bacterial infection, he or she may prescribe antibiotics.<\/p>\n

A humidifier or steam can help loosen mucus and relieve wheezing and limited air flow. If your bronchitis causes wheezing, you may need an inhaled medicine to open your airways. You take this medicine using an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your lungs.<\/p>\n

Your doctor also may prescribe medicines to relieve or reduce your cough and treat your inflamed airways (especially if your cough persists).<\/p>\n

If you have chronic bronchitis and also have been diagnosed with COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), you may need medicines to open your airways and help clear away mucus. These medicines include bronchodilators (inhaled) and steroids (inhaled or pill form).<\/p>\n

If you have chronic bronchitis, your doctor may prescribe oxygen therapy. This treatment can help you breathe easier, and it provides your body with needed oxygen.<\/p>\n

One of the best ways to treat acute and chronic bronchitis is to remove the source of irritation and damage to your lungs. If you smoke, it’s very important to quit.<\/p>\n

Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Try to avoid secondhand smoke and other lung irritants, such as dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution.<\/p>\n

For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Can Bronchitis Be Prevented?<\/strong><\/p>\n

You can’t always prevent acute or chronic bronchitis. However, you can take steps to lower your risk for both conditions. The most important step is to quit smoking or not start smoking.<\/p>\n

For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. For example, wear a mask over your mouth and nose when you use paint, paint remover, varnish, or other substances with strong fumes. This will help protect your lungs.<\/p>\n

Wash your hands often to limit your exposure to germs and bacteria. Your doctor also may advise you to get a yearly flu shot and a pneumonia vaccine<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Living With Chronic Bronchitis<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have chronic bronchitis, you can take steps to control your symptoms. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the condition.<\/p>\n

Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

The most important step is to not start smoking or to quit smoking. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit.<\/p>\n

For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as secondhand smoke, dust, fumes, vapors, and air pollution. This will help keep your lungs healthy.<\/p>\n

Wash your hands often to lower your risk for a viral or bacterial infection. Also, try to stay away from people who have colds or the flu. See your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of a cold or the flu.<\/p>\n

Follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and fat-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt), and added sugar.<\/p>\n

For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI’s Aim for a Healthy Weight Web site, “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,” and “Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH.” All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating.<\/p>\n

Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>\n

See your doctor regularly and take all of your medicines as prescribed. Also, talk with your doctor about getting a yearly flu shot and a pneumonia vaccine.<\/p>\n

If you have chronic bronchitis, you may benefit from pulmonary rehabilitation (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have chronic (ongoing) breathing problems.<\/p>\n

People who have chronic bronchitis often breathe fast. Talk with your doctor about a breathing method called pursed-lip breathing. This method decreases how often you take breaths, and it helps keep your airways open longer. This allows more air to flow in and out of your lungs so you can be more physically active.<\/p>\n

To do pursed-lip breathing, you breathe in through your nostrils. Then you slowly breathe out through slightly pursed lips, as if you’re blowing out a candle. You exhale two to three times longer than you inhale. Some people find it helpful to count to two while inhaling and to four or six while exhaling.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>\n

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials.<\/p>\n

Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>\n

By taking part in a clinical trial, you can gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>\n

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials related to bronchitis, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>\n

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>\n

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI’s Children and Clinical Studies Web page.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What Is Cough?<\/strong><\/p>\n

A cough is a natural reflex that protects your lungs. Coughing helps clear your airways of lung irritants, such as smoke and mucus (a slimy substance). This helps prevent infections. A cough also can be a symptom of a medical problem.<\/p>\n

Prolonged coughing can cause unpleasant side effects, such as chest pain, exhaustion, light-headedness, and loss of bladder control. Coughing also can interfere with sleep, socializing, and work.<\/p>\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coughing occurs when the nerve endings in your airways become irritated. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your lungs. Certain substances (such as smoke and pollen), medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.<\/p>\n

A cough can be acute, subacute, or chronic, depending on how long it lasts.<\/p>\n

An acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a common cold or other upper respiratory (RES-pi-rah-tor-e) infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the flu, pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah), and whooping cough.<\/p>\n

A subacute cough lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other respiratory infection is over.<\/p>\n

A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS); asthma; and gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-so-fa-JE-al) reflux disease, or GERD.<\/p>\n

“UACS” is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a cough. Examples include sinus infections and allergies. These conditions can cause mucus to run down your throat from the back of your nose. This is called postnasal drip.<\/p>\n

Asthma is a long-term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD occurs if acid from your stomach backs up into your throat.<\/p>\n

Outlook<\/strong><\/p>\n

The best way to treat a cough is to treat its cause. For example, asthma is treated with medicines that open the airways.<\/p>\n

Your doctor may recommend cough medicine if the cause of your cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort. Cough medicines may harm children. If your child has a cough, talk with his or her doctor about how to treat it.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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What Causes Cough?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coughing occurs when the nerve endings in your airways become irritated. Certain irritants and allergens, medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.<\/p>\n

Irritants and Allergens<\/strong><\/p>\n

An irritant is something you’re sensitive to. For example, smoking or inhaling secondhand smoke can irritate your lungs. Smoking also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a cough. Other irritants include air pollution, paint fumes, or scented products like perfumes or air fresheners.<\/p>\n

An allergen is something you’re allergic to, such as dust, animal dander, mold, or pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers.<\/p>\n

Coughing helps clear your airways of irritants and allergens. This helps prevent infections.<\/p>\n

Medical Conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many medical conditions can cause acute, subacute, or chronic cough.<\/p>\n

Common causes of an acute cough are a common cold or other upper respiratory infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the flu, pneumonia, and whooping cough. An acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks.<\/p>\n

A lingering cough that remains after a cold or other respiratory infection is gone often is called a subacute cough. A subacute cough lasts 3 to 8 weeks.<\/p>\n

Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks.<\/p>\n

“UACS” is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a cough. Examples include sinus infections and allergies. These conditions can cause mucus (a slimy substance) to run down your throat from the back of your nose. This is called postnasal drip.<\/p>\n

Asthma is a long-term lung disease that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD is a condition in which acid from your stomach backs up into your throat.<\/p>\n

Other conditions that can cause a chronic cough include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Respiratory infections. A cough from an upper respiratory infection can develop into a chronic cough.<\/p>\n

\u2022Chronic bronchitis (bron-KI-tis). This condition occurs if the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. Smoking is the main cause of chronic bronchitis.<\/p>\n

\u2022Bronchiectasis (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis). This is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. This prevents the airways from properly moving mucus out of your lungs. An infection or other condition that injures the walls of the airways usually causes bronchiectasis.<\/p>\n

\u2022COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). COPD is a disease that prevents enough air from flowing in and out of the airways.<\/p>\n

\u2022Lung cancer. In rare cases, a chronic cough is due to lung cancer. Most people who develop lung cancer smoke or used to smoke.<\/p>\n

\u2022Heart failure. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can’t pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. Fluid can build up in the body and lead to many symptoms. If fluid builds up in the lungs, it can cause a chronic cough.<\/p>\n

Medicines<\/strong><\/p>\n

Certain medicines can cause a chronic cough. Examples of these medicines are ACE inhibitors and beta blockers. ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, migraine headaches, and glaucoma.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Who Is At Risk for Cough?<\/strong><\/p>\n

People at risk for cough include those who:<\/p>\n

\u2022Are exposed to things that irritate their airways (called irritants) or things that they’re allergic to (called allergens). Examples of irritants are cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products. Examples of allergens are dust, animal dander, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers.<\/p>\n

\u2022Have certain conditions that irritate the lungs, such as asthma, sinus infections, colds, or gastroesophageal reflux disease.<\/p>\n

\u2022Smoke. Smoking can irritate your lungs and cause coughing. Smoking and\/or exposure to secondhand smoke also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a cough.<\/p>\n

\u2022Take certain medicines, such as ACE inhibitors and beta blockers. ACE inhibitors are used to treat high blood pressure (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, migraine headaches, and glaucoma.<\/p>\n

Women are more likely than men to develop a chronic cough. For more information about the substances and conditions that put you at risk for cough, go to “What Causes Cough?”<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cough?<\/strong><\/p>\n

When you cough, mucus (a slimy substance) may come up. Coughing helps clear the mucus in your airways from a cold, bronchitis, or other condition. Rarely, people cough up blood. If this happens, you should call your doctor right away.<\/p>\n

A cough may be a symptom of a medical condition. Thus, it may occur with other signs and symptoms of that condition. For example, if you have a cold, you may have a runny or stuffy nose. If you have gastroesophageal reflux disease, you may have a sour taste in your mouth.<\/p>\n

A chronic cough can make you feel tired because you use a lot of energy to cough. It also can prevent you from sleeping well and interfere with work and socializing. A chronic cough also can cause headaches, chest pain, loss of bladder control, sweating, and, rarely, fractured ribs.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor will diagnose the cause of your cough based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results.<\/p>\n

Medical History<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor will likely ask questions about your cough. He or she may ask how long you’ve had it, whether you’re coughing anything up (such as mucus, a slimy substance), and how much you cough.<\/p>\n

Your doctor also may ask:<\/p>\n

\u2022About your medical history, including whether you have allergies, asthma, or other medical conditions.<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you have heartburn or a sour taste in your mouth. These may be signs of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you’ve recently had a cold or the flu.<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you smoke or spend time around others who smoke.<\/p>\n

\u2022Whether you’ve been around air pollution, a lot of dust, or fumes.<\/p>\n

Physical Exam<\/strong><\/p>\n

To check for signs of problems related to cough, your doctor will use a stethoscope to listen to your lungs. He or she will listen for wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) or other abnormal sounds.<\/p>\n

Diagnostic Tests<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor may recommend tests based on the results of your medical history and physical exam. For example, if you have symptoms of GERD, your doctor may recommend a pH probe. This test measures the acid level of the fluid in your throat.<\/p>\n

Other tests may include:<\/p>\n

\u2022An exam of the mucus from your nose or throat. This test can show whether you have a bacterial infection.<\/p>\n

\u2022A chest x ray. A chest x ray takes a picture of your heart and lungs. This test can help diagnose conditions such as pneumonia and lung cancer.<\/p>\n

\u2022Lung function tests. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your lungs deliver oxygen to your blood. Lung function tests can help diagnose asthma and other conditions.<\/p>\n

\u2022An x ray of the sinuses. This test can help diagnose a sinus infection.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is Cough Treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The best way to treat a cough is to treat its cause. However, sometimes the cause is unknown. Other treatments, such as medicines and a vaporizer, can help relieve the cough itself.<\/p>\n

Treating the Cause of a Cough<\/strong><\/p>\n

Acute and Subacute Cough<\/strong><\/p>\n

An acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a common cold or other upper respiratory infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the flu, pneumonia, and whooping cough. An acute cough usually goes away after the illness that caused it is over.<\/p>\n

A subacute cough lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other respiratory infection is over.<\/p>\n

Studies show that antibiotics and cold medicines can’t cure a cold. However, your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat another cause of an acute or subacute cough. For example, antibiotics may be given for pneumonia.<\/p>\n

Chronic Cough<\/strong><\/p>\n

A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), asthma, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).<\/p>\n

“UACS” is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a cough. Examples include sinus infections and allergies. These conditions can cause mucus (a slimy substance) to run down your throat from the back of your nose. This is called postnasal drip.<\/p>\n

If you have a sinus infection, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. He or she also may suggest you use a medicine that you spray into your nose. If allergies are causing your cough, your doctor may advise you to avoid the substances that you’re allergic to (allergens) if possible.<\/p>\n

If you have asthma, try to avoid irritants and allergens that make your asthma worse. Take your asthma medicines as your doctor prescribes.<\/p>\n

GERD occurs if acid from your stomach backs up into your throat. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine to reduce acid in your stomach. You also may be able to relieve GERD symptoms by waiting 3 to 4 hours after a meal before lying down, and by sleeping with your head raised.<\/p>\n

Smoking also can cause a chronic cough. If you smoke, it’s important to quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke.<\/p>\n

Many hospitals have programs that help people quit smoking, or hospital staff can refer you to a program. The Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart” booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Other causes of a chronic cough include respiratory infections, chronic bronchitis, bronchiectasis, lung cancer, and heart failure. Treatments for these causes may include medicines, procedures, and other therapies. Treatment also may include avoiding irritants and allergens and quitting smoking.<\/p>\n

If your chronic cough is due to a medicine you’re taking, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.<\/p>\n

Treating the Cough Rather Than the Cause<\/strong><\/p>\n

Coughing is important because it helps clear your airways of irritants, such as smoke and mucus (a slimy substance). Coughing also helps prevent infections.<\/p>\n

Cough medicines usually are used only when the cause of the cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort.<\/p>\n

Medicines can help control a cough and make it easier to cough up mucus. Your doctor may recommend medicines such as:<\/p>\n

\u2022Prescription cough suppressants, also called antitussives. These medicines can help relieve a cough. However, they’re usually used when nothing else works. No evidence shows that over-the-counter cough suppressants relieve a cough.<\/p>\n

\u2022Expectorants. These medicines may loosen mucus, making it easier to cough up.<\/p>\n

\u2022Bronchodilators. These medicines relax your airways.<\/p>\n

Other treatments also may relieve an irritated throat and loosen mucus. Examples include using a cool-mist humidifier or steam vaporizer and drinking enough fluids. Examples of fluids are water, soup, and juice. Ask your doctor how much fluid you need.<\/p>\n

Cough in Children<\/strong><\/p>\n

No evidence shows that cough and cold medicines help children recover more quickly from colds. These medicines can even harm children. Talk with your child’s doctor about your child’s cough and how to treat it.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Living With Cough<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have a cough, you can take steps to recover from the condition that’s causing the cough. You also can take steps to relieve your cough. Ongoing care and lifestyle changes can help you.<\/p>\n

Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>\n

Follow the treatment plan your doctor gives you for treating the cause of your cough. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes. If you’re using antibiotics, continue to take the medicine until it’s all gone. You may start to feel better before you finish the medicine, but you should continue to take it.<\/p>\n

Ask your doctor about ways to relieve your cough. He or she may recommend cough medicines. These medicines usually are used only when the cause of a cough is unknown and the cough is causing a lot of discomfort.<\/p>\n

A cool-mist humidifier or steam vaporizer may help relieve an irritated throat and loosen mucus. Getting enough fluids (for example, water, soup, or juice) may have the same effect. Ask your doctor about how much fluid you need.<\/p>\n

Your doctor will let you know when to schedule followup care.<\/p>\n

Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you smoke, quit. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. The Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart” booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Try to avoid irritants and allergens that make you cough. Examples of irritants include cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products like perfumes or air fresheners. Examples of allergens include dust, animal dander, mold, and pollens from trees, grasses, and flowers.<\/p>\n

Follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and fat-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt), and added sugar.<\/p>\n

For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s Aim for a Healthy Weight Web site, “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,” and “Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH.” All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>\n

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials.<\/p>\n

Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>\n

By taking part in a clinical trial, you can gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>\n

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials related to your disease or condition, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>\n

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>\n

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI’s Children and Clinical Studies Web page.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Pulmonary Fibrosis<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pulmonary fibrosis (PULL-mun-ary fi-BRO-sis) is a disease in which tissue deep in your lungs becomes thick and stiff, or scarred, over time. The formation of scar tissue is called fibrosis.<\/p>\n

As the lung tissue thickens, your lungs can’t properly move oxygen into your bloodstream. As a result, your brain and other organs don’t get the oxygen they need. (For more information, go to the “How the Lungs Work” section of this article.)<\/p>\n

Sometimes doctors can find out what’s causing fibrosis. But in most cases, they can’t find a cause. They call these cases idiopathic (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).<\/p>\n

IPF is a serious disease that usually affects middle-aged and older adults. IPF varies from person to person. In some people, fibrosis happens quickly. In others, the process is much slower. In some people, the disease stays the same for years.<\/p>\n

IPF has no cure yet. Many people live only about 3 to 5 years after diagnosis. The most common cause of death related to IPF is respiratory failure. Other causes of death include pulmonary hypertension (HI-per-TEN-shun), heart failure, pulmonary embolism (EM-bo-lizm), pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah), and lung cancer.<\/p>\n

Genetics may play a role in causing IPF. If more than one member of your family has IPF, the disease is called familial IPF.<\/p>\n

Research has helped doctors learn more about IPF. As a result, they can more quickly diagnose the disease now than in the past. Also, researchers are studying several medicines that may slow the progress of IPF. These efforts may improve the lifespan and quality of life for people who have the disease.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How the Lungs Work<\/strong><\/p>\n

To understand idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), it helps to understand how the lungs work. The air that you breathe in through your nose or mouth travels down through your trachea (windpipe) into two tubes in your lungs called bronchial (BRONG-ke-al) tubes or airways.<\/p>\n

The airways are shaped like an upside-down tree with many branches. The windpipe is the trunk. It splits into two bronchial tubes, or bronchi. Thinner tubes called bronchioles branch out from the bronchi.<\/p>\n

The bronchioles end in tiny air sacs called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye). These air sacs have very thin walls, and small blood vessels called capillaries run through them. There are about 300 million alveoli in a normal lung.<\/p>\n

When the air that you’ve just breathed in reaches these air sacs, the oxygen in the air passes through the air sac walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, carbon dioxide (a waste gas) moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.<\/p>\n

The oxygen-rich blood in the capillaries then flows into larger veins, which carry it to the heart. Your heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all your body’s organs. These organs can’t function without an ongoing supply of oxygen.<\/p>\n

The animation below shows how the lungs work. Click the “start” button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.<\/p>\n

VIDEO<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The animation shows how the lungs inhale oxygen and transfer it to the blood. It also shows how carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and exhaled.<\/p>\n

In IPF, scarring begins in the air sac walls and the spaces around them. The scarring makes the walls of the air sacs thicker. This makes it harder for oxygen to pass through the air sac walls into the bloodstream.<\/p>\n

Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a detailed view of the lung’s airways and air sacs in cross-section. Figure B shows fibrosis (scarring) in the lungs. The inset image shows a detailed view of the fibrosis and how it damages the airways and air sacs.<\/p>\n

For more information about lung function, go to the Health Topics How the Lungs Work article.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Other Names for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022Idiopathic diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis<\/p>\n

\u2022Pulmonary fibrosis of unknown cause<\/p>\n

\u2022Pulmonary fibrosis<\/p>\n

\u2022Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis<\/p>\n

\u2022Usual interstitial pneumonitis<\/p>\n

\u2022Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Causes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sometimes doctors can find out what is causing pulmonary fibrosis (lung scarring). For example, exposure to environmental pollutants and certain medicines can cause the disease.<\/p>\n

Environmental pollutants include inorganic dust (silica and hard metal dusts) and organic dust (bacteria and animal proteins).<\/p>\n

Medicines that are known to cause pulmonary fibrosis in some people include nitrofurantoin (an antibiotic), amiodarone (a heart medicine), methotrexate and bleomycin (both chemotherapy medicines), and many other medicines.<\/p>\n

In most cases, however, the cause of lung scarring isn’t known. These cases are called idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). With IPF, doctors think that something inside or outside of the lungs attacks them again and again over time.<\/p>\n

These attacks injure the lungs and scar the tissue inside and between the air sacs. This makes it harder for oxygen to pass through the air sac walls into the bloodstream.<\/p>\n

The following factors may increase your risk of IPF:<\/p>\n

\u2022Cigarette smoking<\/p>\n

\u2022Viral infections, including Epstein-Barr virus (which causes mononucleosis), influenza A virus, hepatitis C virus, HIV, and herpes virus 6<\/p>\n

Genetics also may play a role in causing IPF. Some families have at least two members who have IPF.<\/p>\n

Researchers have found that 9 out of 10 people who have IPF also have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a condition in which acid from your stomach backs up into your throat.<\/p>\n

Some people who have GERD may regularly breathe in tiny drops of acid from their stomachs. The acid can injure their lungs and lead to IPF. More research is needed to confirm this theory.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?<\/strong><\/p>\n

The signs and symptoms of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) develop over time. They may not even begin to appear until the disease has done serious damage to your lungs. Once they occur, they’re likely to get worse over time.<\/p>\n

The most common signs and symptoms are:<\/p>\n

\u2022Shortness of breath. This usually is the main symptom of IPF. At first, you may be short of breath only during exercise. Over time, you’ll likely feel breathless even at rest.<\/p>\n

\u2022A dry, hacking cough that doesn’t get better. Over time, you may have repeated bouts of coughing that you can’t control.<\/p>\n

Other signs and symptoms that you may develop over time include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Rapid, shallow breathing<\/p>\n

\u2022Gradual, unintended weight loss<\/p>\n

\u2022Fatigue (tiredness) or malaise (a general feeling of being unwell)<\/p>\n

\u2022Aching muscles and joints<\/p>\n

\u2022Clubbing, which is the widening and rounding of the tips of the fingers or toes<\/p>\n

Clubbing<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The illustration shows clubbing of the fingertips associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.<\/p>\n

IPF may lead to other medical problems, including a collapsed lung, lung infections, blood clots in the lungs, and lung cancer.<\/p>\n

As the disease worsens, you may develop other potentially life-threatening conditions, including respiratory failure, pulmonary hypertension, and heart failure.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) causes the same kind of scarring and symptoms as some other lung diseases. This makes it hard to diagnose.<\/p>\n

Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is important. If possible, seek care from a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating lung problems.<\/p>\n

Your doctor will diagnose IPF based on your medical history, a physical exam, and test results. Tests can help rule out other causes of your symptoms and show how badly your lungs are damaged.<\/p>\n

Medical History<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor may ask about:<\/p>\n

\u2022Your age<\/p>\n

\u2022Your history of smoking<\/p>\n

\u2022Things in the air at your job or elsewhere that could irritate your lungs<\/p>\n

\u2022Your hobbies<\/p>\n

\u2022Your history of legal and illegal drug use<\/p>\n

\u2022Other medical conditions that you have<\/p>\n

\u2022Your family’s medical history<\/p>\n

\u2022How long you’ve had symptoms<\/p>\n

Diagnostic Tests<\/strong><\/p>\n

No single test can diagnose IPF. Your doctor may recommend several of the following tests.<\/p>\n

Chest X Ray<\/strong><\/p>\n

A chest x ray is a painless test that creates a picture of the structures in your chest, such as your heart and lungs. This test can show shadows that suggest scar tissue. However, many people who have IPF have normal chest x rays at the time they’re diagnosed.<\/p>\n

High-Resolution Computed Tomography<\/strong><\/p>\n

A high-resolution computed tomography scan, or HRCT scan, is an x ray that provides sharper and more detailed pictures than a standard chest x ray.<\/p>\n

HRCT can show scar tissue and how much lung damage you have. This test can help your doctor spot IPF at an early stage or rule it out. HRCT also can help your doctor decide how likely you are to respond to treatment.<\/p>\n

Lung Function Tests<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor may suggest a breathing test called spirometry (spi-ROM-eh-tree) to find out how much lung damage you have. This test measures how much air you can blow out of your lungs after taking a deep breath. Spirometry also measures how fast you can breathe the air out.<\/p>\n

If you have a lot of lung scarring, you won’t be able to breathe out a normal amount of air.<\/p>\n

Pulse Oximetry<\/strong><\/p>\n

For this test, your doctor attaches a small sensor to your finger or ear. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood.<\/p>\n

Arterial Blood Gas Test<\/strong><\/p>\n

For this test, your doctor takes a blood sample from an artery, usually in your wrist. The sample is sent to a laboratory, where its oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are measured.<\/p>\n

This test is more accurate than pulse oximetry. The blood sample also can be tested to see whether an infection is causing your symptoms.<\/p>\n

Skin Test for Tuberculosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

For this test, your doctor injects a substance under the top layer of skin on one of your arms. This substance reacts to tuberculosis (TB). If you have a positive reaction, a small hard lump will develop at the injection site 48 to 72 hours after the test. This test is done to rule out TB.<\/p>\n

Exercise Testing<\/strong><\/p>\n

Exercise testing shows how well your lungs move oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of your bloodstream when you’re active. During this test, you walk or pedal on an exercise machine for a few minutes.<\/p>\n

An EKG (electrocardiogram) checks your heart rate, a blood pressure cuff checks your blood pressure, and a pulse oximeter shows how much oxygen is in your blood.<\/p>\n

Your doctor may place a catheter (a flexible tube) in an artery in one of your arms to draw blood samples. These samples will provide a more precise measure of the oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood.<\/p>\n

Your doctor also may ask you to breathe into a tube that measures oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in your blood.<\/p>\n

Lung Biopsy<\/strong><\/p>\n

For a lung biopsy, your doctor will take samples of lung tissue from several places in your lungs. The samples are examined under a microscope. A lung biopsy is the best way for your doctor to diagnose IPF.<\/p>\n

This procedure can help your doctor rule out other conditions, such as sarcoidosis (sar-koy-DO-sis), cancer, or infection. Lung biopsy also can show your doctor how far your disease has advanced.<\/p>\n

Doctors use several procedures to get lung tissue samples.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Video-assisted thoracoscopy (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). This is the most common procedure used to get lung tissue samples. Your doctor inserts a small tube with an attached light and camera into your chest through small cuts between your ribs. The tube is called an endoscope.<\/p>\n

The endoscope provides a video image of the lungs and allows your doctor to collect tissue samples. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You’ll be given medicine to make you sleep during the procedure.<\/p>\n

Bronchoscopy (bron-KOS-ko-pee). For a bronchoscopy, your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your nose or mouth, down your throat, and into your airways. At the tube’s tip are a light and mini-camera. They allow your doctor to see your windpipe and airways.<\/p>\n

Your doctor then inserts a forceps through the tube to collect tissue samples. You’ll be given medicine to help you relax during the procedure.<\/p>\n

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH). During bronchoscopy, your doctor may inject a small amount of salt water (saline) through the tube into your lungs. This fluid washes the lungs and helps bring up cells from the area around the air sacs. These cells are examined under a microscope.<\/p>\n

Thoracotomy (thor-ah-KOT-o-me). For this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung tissue through a cut in the chest wall between your ribs. Thoracotomy is done in a hospital. You’ll be given medicine to make you sleep during the procedure.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Doctors may prescribe medicines, oxygen therapy, pulmonary rehabilitation (PR), and lung transplant to treat idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF).<\/p>\n

Medicines<\/strong><\/p>\n

Currently, no medicines are proven to slow the progression of IPF.<\/p>\n

Prednisone, azathioprine (A-zah-THI-o-preen), and N-acetylcysteine (a-SEH-til-SIS-tee-in) have been used to treat IPF, either alone or in combination. However, experts have not found enough evidence to support their use.<\/p>\n

Prednisone<\/strong><\/p>\n

Prednisone is an anti-inflammatory medicine. You usually take it by mouth every day. However, your doctor may give it to you through a needle or tube inserted into a vein in your arm for several days. After that, you usually take it by mouth.<\/p>\n

Because prednisone can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it for 3 to 6 months or less at first. Then, if it works for you, your doctor may reduce the dose over time and keep you on it longer.<\/p>\n

Azathioprine<\/strong><\/p>\n

Azathioprine suppresses your immune system. You usually take it by mouth every day. Because it can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it with prednisone for only 3 to 6 months.<\/p>\n

If you don’t have serious side effects and the medicines seem to help you, your doctor may keep you on them longer.<\/p>\n

N-acetylcysteine<\/strong><\/p>\n

N-acetylcysteine is an antioxidant that may help prevent lung damage. You usually take it by mouth several times a day.<\/p>\n

A common treatment for IPF is a combination of prednisone, azathioprine, and N-acetylcysteine. However, this treatment was recently found harmful in a study funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).<\/p>\n

If you have IPF and take this combination of medicines, talk with your doctor. Do not stop taking the medicines on your own.<\/p>\n

The NHLBI currently supports research to compare N-acetylcysteine treatment with placebo treatment (sugar pills) in patients who have IPF.<\/p>\n

New Medicines Being Studied<\/strong><\/p>\n

Researchers, like those in the Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Network, are studying new treatments for IPF. With the support and guidance of the NHLBI, these researchers continue to look for new IPF treatments and therapies.<\/p>\n

Some of these researchers are studying medicines that may reduce inflammation and prevent or reduce scarring caused by IPF.<\/p>\n

If you’re interested in joining a research study, talk with your doctor. For more information about ongoing research, go to the “Clinical Trials” section of this article.<\/p>\n

Other Treatments<\/strong><\/p>\n

Other treatments that may help people who have IPF include the following:<\/p>\n

\u2022Flu and pneumonia vaccines may help prevent infections and keep you healthy.<\/p>\n

\u2022Cough medicines or oral codeine may relieve coughing.<\/p>\n

\u2022Vitamin D, calcium, and a bone-building medicine may help prevent bone loss if you’re taking prednisone or another corticosteroid.<\/p>\n

\u2022Anti-reflux therapy may help control gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Most people who have IPF also have GERD.<\/p>\n

Oxygen Therapy<\/strong><\/p>\n

If the amount of oxygen in your blood gets low, you may need oxygen therapy. Oxygen therapy can help reduce shortness of breath and allow you to be more active.<\/p>\n

Oxygen usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask. At first, you may need it only during exercise and sleep. As your disease worsens, you may need it all the time.<\/p>\n

For more information, go to the Health Topics Oxygen Therapy article.<\/p>\n

Pulmonary Rehabilitation<\/strong><\/p>\n

PR is now a standard treatment for people who have chronic (ongoing) lung disease. PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have breathing problems.<\/p>\n

The program usually involves treatment by a team of specialists in a special clinic. The goal is to teach you how to manage your condition and function at your best.<\/p>\n

PR doesn’t replace medical therapy. Instead, it’s used with medical therapy and may include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Exercise training<\/p>\n

\u2022Nutritional counseling<\/p>\n

\u2022Education on your lung disease or condition and how to manage it<\/p>\n

\u2022Energy-conserving techniques<\/p>\n

\u2022Breathing strategies<\/p>\n

\u2022Psychological counseling and\/or group support<\/p>\n

For more information, go to the Health Topics Pulmonary Rehabilitation article.<\/p>\n

Lung Transplant<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor may recommend a lung transplant if your condition is quickly worsening or very severe. A lung transplant can improve your quality of life and help you live longer.<\/p>\n

Some medical centers will consider patients older than 65 for lung transplants if they have no other serious medical problems.<\/p>\n

The major complications of a lung transplant are rejection and infection. (“Rejection” refers to your body creating proteins that attack the new organ.) You will have to take medicines for the rest of your life to reduce the risk of rejection.<\/p>\n

Because the supply of donor lungs is limited, talk with your doctor about a lung transplant as soon as possible.<\/p>\n

For more information, go to the Health Topics Lung Transplant article.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

Living With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

No cure is available for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) yet. Your symptoms may get worse over time. As your symptoms worsen, you may not be able to do many of the things that you did before you had IPF.<\/p>\n

However, lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disease.<\/p>\n

Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you’re still smoking, the most important thing you can do is quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke. Ask family members and friends not to smoke in front of you or in your home, car, or workplace.<\/p>\n

If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.<\/p>\n

For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics Smoking and Your Heart article and the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.” Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general tips on how to quit smoking.<\/p>\n

Staying active can help with both your physical and mental health. Physical activity can help you maintain your strength and lung function and reduce stress. Try moderate exercise, such as walking or riding a stationary bike. Ask your doctor about using oxygen while exercising.<\/p>\n

As your condition advances, use a wheelchair or motorized scooter, or stay busy with activities that aren’t physical in nature.<\/p>\n

You also should follow a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits and vegetables. It also includes whole grains, fat-free or low-fat dairy products, and protein foods, such as lean meats, poultry without skin, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.<\/p>\n

A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added sugars, solid fats, and refined grains. Solid fats are saturated fat and trans fatty acids. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of nutrients (such as dietary fiber).<\/p>\n

Eating smaller, more frequent meals may relieve stomach fullness, which can make it hard to breathe. If you need help with your diet, ask your doctor to arrange for a dietitian to work with you.<\/p>\n

For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI’s “Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH” and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.<\/p>\n

Getting plenty of rest can increase your energy and help you deal with the stress of living with a serious condition like IPF.<\/p>\n

Try to maintain a positive attitude; relaxation techniques may help you do this. These techniques also may help you avoid excessive oxygen intake caused by tension or overworked muscles.<\/p>\n

Avoid situations that can make your symptoms worse. For example, avoid traveling by air or living at or traveling to high altitudes where the air is thin and the amount of oxygen in the air is low.<\/p>\n

Ongoing Care<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you have IPF, you will need ongoing medical care. If possible, seek treatment from a doctor who specializes in IPF. These specialists often are located at major medical centers.<\/p>\n

Treatment may relieve your symptoms and even slow or stop the fibrosis (scarring). Follow your treatment plan as your doctor advises. For example:<\/p>\n

\u2022Take your medicines as your doctor prescribes<\/p>\n

\u2022Make any changes in diet or exercise that your doctor recommends<\/p>\n

\u2022Keep all of your appointments with your doctor<\/p>\n

\u2022Enroll in pulmonary rehabilitation<\/p>\n

As your condition worsens, you may need oxygen therapy full time. Some people who have IPF carry portable oxygen when they go out.<\/p>\n

Emotional Issues and Support<\/strong><\/p>\n

Living with IPF may cause fear, anxiety, depression, and stress. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very depressed, your doctor may recommend medicines or other treatments that can improve your quality of life.<\/p>\n

Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with IPF. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.<\/p>\n

Support from family and friends also can help relieve stress and anxiety. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>\n

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of chronic lung diseases, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.<\/p>\n

Many more questions remain about lung diseases, including idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on IPF includes studies that explore:<\/p>\n

\u2022The natural history of familial IPF and its underlying causes<\/p>\n

\u2022How well N-acetylcysteine works alone and with other medicines to treat IPF<\/p>\n

\u2022The benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation for people who have IPF<\/p>\n

Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials. Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.<\/p>\n

For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>\n

By taking part in a clinical trial, you can gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>\n

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials related to IPF, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>\n

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>\n

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Is Cholesterol?<\/strong><\/p>\n

To understand high blood cholesterol (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that’s found in all cells of the body.<\/p>\n

Your body needs some cholesterol to make hormones, vitamin D, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat.<\/p>\n

Cholesterol travels through your bloodstream in small packages called lipoproteins (lip-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of fat (lipid) on the inside and proteins on the outside.<\/p>\n

Two kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important.<\/p>\n

LDL cholesterol sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. (Arteries are blood vessels that carry blood from your heart to your body.)<\/p>\n

HDL cholesterol sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.<\/p>\n

What Is High Blood Cholesterol?<\/strong><\/p>\n

High blood cholesterol is a condition in which you have too much cholesterol in your blood. By itself, the condition usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don’t know that their cholesterol levels are too high.<\/p>\n

People who have high blood cholesterol have a greater chance of getting coronary heart disease, also called coronary artery disease. (In this article, the term “heart disease” refers to coronary heart disease.)<\/p>\n

The higher the level of LDL cholesterol in your blood, the GREATER your chance is of getting heart disease. The higher the level of HDL cholesterol in your blood, the LOWER your chance is of getting heart disease.<\/p>\n

Coronary heart disease is a condition in which plaque (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) arteries. Plaque is made up of cholesterol, fat, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called atherosclerosis (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).<\/p>\n

Atherosclerosis<\/strong><\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. The buildup of plaque limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood through the artery. The inset image shows a cross-section of the plaque-narrowed artery.<\/p>\n

Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your coronary arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to the heart.<\/p>\n

Eventually, an area of plaque can rupture (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a coronary artery.<\/p>\n

If the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your heart muscle is reduced or blocked, angina (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a heart attack may occur.<\/p>\n

Angina is chest pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also may occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion.<\/p>\n

A heart attack occurs if the flow of oxygen-rich blood to a section of heart muscle is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick treatment, a heart attack can lead to serious problems or death.<\/p>\n

Plaque also can build up in other arteries in your body, such as the arteries that bring oxygen-rich blood to your brain and limbs. This can lead to problems such as carotid artery disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease (P.A.D.).<\/p>\n

Outlook<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lowering your cholesterol may slow, reduce, or even stop the buildup of plaque in your arteries. It also may reduce the risk of plaque rupturing and causing dangerous blood clots.<\/p>\n

IMAGE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease. An estimated 1 in 2 women has high or borderline high cholesterol.<\/p>\n

The image also lists the ranges of total cholesterol numbers for high, borderline high, and desirable cholesterol levels, and breaks down the percentage of women who have high cholesterol in their twenties, thirties, forties, and fifties.<\/p>\n

Sources: National Center for Health Statistics (2007\u20132010). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; National Center for Health Statistics (2005\u20132008). National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Cholesterol Education Program (2002). Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) exert panel on detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood cholesterol in adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report.<\/p>\n

Other Names for High Blood Cholesterol<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u2022Hypercholesterolemia (HI-per-ko-LES-ter-ol-E-me-ah)<\/p>\n

\u2022Hyperlipidemia (HI-per-lip-ih-DE-me-ah)<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

What Causes High Blood Cholesterol?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Many factors can affect the cholesterol levels in your blood. You can control some factors, but not others.<\/p>\n

Factors You Can Control<\/strong><\/p>\n

Diet<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cholesterol is found in foods that come from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese. Some foods have fats that raise your cholesterol level.<\/p>\n

For example, saturated fat raises your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level more than anything else in your diet. Saturated fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.<\/p>\n

Trans fatty acids (trans fats) raise your LDL cholesterol and lower your high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Trans fats are made when hydrogen is added to vegetable oil to harden it. Trans fats are found in some fried and processed foods.<\/p>\n

Limiting foods with cholesterol, saturated fat, and trans fats can help you control your cholesterol levels.<\/p>\n

Physical Activity and Weight<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain. Being overweight tends to raise your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total cholesterol level. (Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood, including LDL and HDL.)<\/p>\n

Routine physical activity can help you lose weight and lower your LDL cholesterol. Being physically active also can help you raise your HDL cholesterol level.<\/p>\n

Factors You Can’t Control<\/strong><\/p>\n

Heredity<\/strong><\/p>\n

High blood cholesterol can run in families. An inherited condition called familial hypercholesterolemia causes very high LDL cholesterol. (“Inherited” means the condition is passed from parents to children through genes.) This condition begins at birth, and it may cause a heart attack at an early age.<\/p>\n

Age and Sex<\/strong><\/p>\n

Starting at puberty, men often have lower levels of HDL cholesterol than women. As women and men age, their LDL cholesterol levels often rise. Before age 55, women usually have lower LDL cholesterol levels than men. However, after age 55, women can have higher LDL levels than men.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Cholesterol?<\/strong><\/p>\n

High blood cholesterol usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don’t know that their cholesterol levels are too high.<\/p>\n

If you’re 20 years old or older, have your cholesterol levels checked at least once every 5 years. Talk with your doctor about how often you should be tested.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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How Is High Blood Cholesterol Diagnosed?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Your doctor will diagnose high blood cholesterol by checking the cholesterol levels in your blood. A blood test called a lipoprotein panel can measure your cholesterol levels. Before the test, you’ll need to fast (not eat or drink anything but water) for 9 to 12 hours.<\/p>\n

The lipoprotein panel will give your doctor information about your:<\/p>\n

\u2022Total cholesterol. Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood, including low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.<\/p>\n

\u2022LDL cholesterol. LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockages in the arteries.<\/p>\n

\u2022HDL cholesterol. HDL, or “good,” cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.<\/p>\n

\u2022Triglycerides (tri-GLIH-seh-rides). Triglycerides are a type of fat found in your blood. Some studies suggest that a high level of triglycerides in the blood may raise the risk of coronary heart disease, especially in women.<\/p>\n

If it’s not possible to have a lipoprotein panel, knowing your total cholesterol and HDL cholesterol can give you a general idea about your cholesterol levels.<\/p>\n

Testing for total and HDL cholesterol does not require fasting. If your total cholesterol is 200 mg\/dL or more, or if your HDL cholesterol is less than 40 mg\/dL, your doctor will likely recommend that you have a lipoprotein panel. (Cholesterol is measured as milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of blood.)<\/p>\n

The tables below show total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol levels and their corresponding categories. See how your cholesterol numbers compare to the numbers in the tables below.<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Triglycerides also can raise your risk for heart disease. If your triglyceride level is borderline high (150\u2013199 mg\/dL) or high (200 mg\/dL or higher), you may need treatment.<\/p>\n

Factors that can raise your triglyceride level include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Overweight and obesity<\/p>\n

\u2022Lack of physical activity<\/p>\n

\u2022Cigarette smoking<\/p>\n

\u2022Excessive alcohol use<\/p>\n

\u2022A very high carbohydrate diet<\/p>\n

\u2022Certain diseases and medicines<\/p>\n

\u2022Some genetic disorders<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

How Is High Blood Cholesterol Treated?<\/strong><\/p>\n

High blood cholesterol is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines. The main goal of treatment is to lower your low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol level enough to reduce your risk for coronary heart disease, heart attack, and other related health problems.<\/p>\n

Your risk for heart disease and heart attack goes up as your LDL cholesterol level rises and your number of heart disease risk factors increases.<\/p>\n

Some people are at high risk for heart attacks because they already have heart disease. Other people are at high risk for heart disease because they have diabetes or more than one heart disease risk factor.<\/p>\n

Talk with your doctor about lowering your cholesterol and your risk for heart disease. Also, check the list to find out whether you have risk factors that affect your LDL cholesterol goal:<\/p>\n

\u2022Cigarette smoking<\/p>\n

\u2022High blood pressure (140\/90 mmHg or higher), or you’re on medicine to treat high blood pressure<\/p>\n

\u2022Low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (less than 40 mg\/dL)<\/p>\n

\u2022Family history of early heart disease (heart disease in father or brother before age 55; heart disease in mother or sister before age 65)<\/p>\n

\u2022Age (men 45 years or older; women 55 years or older)<\/p>\n

You can use the NHLBI 10-Year Risk Calculator to find your risk score. The score, given as a percentage, refers to your chance of having a heart attack in the next 10 years.<\/p>\n

Based on your medical history, number of risk factors, and risk score, figure out your risk of getting heart disease or having a heart attack using the table below.<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

* Some people in this category are at very high risk because they’ve just had a heart attack or they have diabetes and heart disease, severe risk factors, or metabolic syndrome. If you’re at very high risk, your doctor may set your LDL goal even lower, to less than 70 mg\/dL. Your doctor also may set your LDL goal at this lower level if you have heart disease alone.<\/p>\n

After following the above steps, you should have an idea about your risk for heart disease and heart attack. The two main ways to lower your cholesterol (and, thus, your heart disease risk) include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC). TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity. TLC is for anyone whose LDL cholesterol level is above goal.<\/p>\n

\u2022Medicines. If cholesterol-lowering medicines are needed, they’re used with the TLC program to help lower your LDL cholesterol level.<\/p>\n

Your doctor will set your LDL goal. The higher your risk for heart disease, the lower he or she will set your LDL goal. Using the following guide, you and your doctor can create a plan for treating your high blood cholesterol.<\/p>\n

Category I, high risk, your LDL goal is less than 100 mg\/dL.*<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

* Your LDL goal may be set even lower, to less than 70 mg\/dL, if you’re at very high risk or if you have heart disease. If you have this lower goal and your LDL is 70 mg\/dL or higher, you’ll need to begin the TLC diet and take medicines as prescribed.<\/p>\n

Category II, moderately high risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg\/Dl<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Category III, moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg\/dL.<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Category IV, low to moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 160 mg\/dL.<\/p>\n

TABLE<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

Lowering Cholesterol Using Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes<\/strong><\/p>\n

TLC is a set of lifestyle changes that can help you lower your LDL cholesterol. The main parts of the TLC program are a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity.<\/p>\n

The TLC Diet<\/strong><\/p>\n

With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from saturated fat. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.<\/p>\n

No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all fats, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fats.<\/p>\n

You also should have less than 200 mg a day of cholesterol. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of fat in prepared foods can be found on the foods’ Nutrition Facts labels.<\/p>\n

Foods high in soluble fiber also are part of the TLC diet. They help prevent the digestive tract from absorbing cholesterol. These foods include:<\/p>\n

\u2022Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran<\/p>\n

\u2022Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes<\/p>\n

\u2022Legumes such as kidney beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans<\/p>\n

A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important cholesterol-lowering compounds in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like soluble fiber.<\/p>\n

A healthy diet also includes some types of fish, such as salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel. These fish are a good source of omega-3 fatty acids. These acids may help protect the heart from blood clots and inflammation and reduce the risk of heart attack. Try to have about two fish meals every week.<\/p>\n

You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. This means choosing low-salt and “no added salt” foods and seasonings at the table or while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in the item.<\/p>\n

Try to limit drinks with alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your blood pressure and triglyceride level. (Triglycerides are a type of fat found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.<\/p>\n

Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.<\/p>\n

For more information about TLC, go to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute’s (NHLBI’s) “Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC.”<\/p>\n

Weight Management<\/strong><\/p>\n

If you’re overweight or obese, losing weight can help lower LDL cholesterol. Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important if you have a condition called metabolic syndrome.<\/p>\n

Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke.<\/p>\n

The five metabolic risk factors are a large waistline (abdominal obesity), a high triglyceride level, a low HDL cholesterol level, high blood pressure, and high blood sugar. Metabolic syndrome is diagnosed if you have at least three of these metabolic risk factors.<\/p>\n

Physical Activity<\/strong><\/p>\n

Routine physical activity can lower LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and raise your HDL cholesterol level.<\/p>\n

People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.<\/p>\n

For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ “2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans,” the Health Topics Physical Activity and Your Heart article, and the NHLBI’s “Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart.”<\/p>\n

Cholesterol-Lowering Medicines<\/strong><\/p>\n

In addition to lifestyle changes, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help lower your cholesterol. Even with medicines, you should continue the TLC program.<\/p>\n

Medicines can help control high blood cholesterol, but they don’t cure it. Thus, you must continue taking your medicine to keep your cholesterol level in the recommended range.<\/p>\n

The five major types of cholesterol-lowering medicines are statins, bile acid sequestrants (seh-KWES-trants), nicotinic (nick-o-TIN-ick) acid, fibrates, and ezetimibe.<\/p>\n

\u2022Statins work well at lowering LDL cholesterol. These medicines are safe for most people. Rare side effects include muscle and liver problems.<\/p>\n

\u2022Bile acid sequestrants also help lower LDL cholesterol. These medicines usually aren’t prescribed as the only medicine to lower cholesterol. Sometimes they’re prescribed with statins.<\/p>\n

\u2022Nicotinic acid lowers LDL cholesterol and triglycerides and raises HDL cholesterol. You should only use this type of medicine with a doctor’s supervision.<\/p>\n

\u2022Fibrates lower triglycerides, and they may raise HDL cholesterol. When used with statins, fibrates may increase the risk of muscle problems.<\/p>\n

\u2022Ezetimibe lowers LDL cholesterol. This medicine works by blocking the intestine from absorbing cholesterol.<\/p>\n

While you’re being treated for high blood cholesterol, you’ll need ongoing care. Your doctor will want to make sure your cholesterol levels are controlled. He or she also will want to check for other health problems.<\/p>\n

If needed, your doctor may prescribe medicines for other health problems. Take all medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes. The combination of medicines may lower your risk for heart disease and heart attack.<\/p>\n

While trying to manage your cholesterol, take steps to manage other heart disease risk factors too. For example, if you have high blood pressure, work with your doctor to lower it.<\/p>\n

If you smoke, quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid secondhand smoke. If you’re overweight or obese, try to lose weight. Your doctor can help you create a reasonable weight-loss plan.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

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Clinical Trials<\/strong><\/p>\n

The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and sleep disorders.<\/p>\n

NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in clinical trials.<\/p>\n

Clinical trials test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new treatments for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, surgeries, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a treatment is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.<\/p>\n

By taking part in a clinical trial, you can gain access to new treatments before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.<\/p>\n

If you volunteer for a clinical trial, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about treatments and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.<\/p>\n

If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials related to high blood cholesterol, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:<\/p>\n

\u2022http:\/\/clinicalresearch.nih.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.clinicaltrials.gov<\/p>\n

\u2022www.nhlbi.nih.gov\/studies\/index.htm<\/p>\n

\u2022www.researchmatch.org<\/p>\n

For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI’s Children and Clinical Studies Web page.<\/p>\n

Source: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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What Is Pneumonia?<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pneumonia (nu-MO-ne-ah) is an infection in one or both of the lungs. Many germs\u2014such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi\u2014can cause pneumonia.<\/p>\n

The infection inflames your lungs’ air sacs, which are called alveoli (al-VEE-uhl-eye). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or pus, causing symptoms such as a cough with phlegm (a slimy substance), fever, chills, and trouble breathing.<\/p>\n

Overview<\/strong><\/p>\n

Pneumonia and its symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, such as the type of germ causing the infection and your age and overall health.<\/p>\n

Pneumonia tends to be more serious for:<\/p>\n